Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Aldehyde

Answer 1

R-CHO (double bonded O)
Can be prepared from the oxidation of an alcohol.
To name aldehydes, drop the -ol from alcohol name and replace with -al (ex. Methanol becomes methanAL)

Question 2

Ethanol (C2H5OH)

Answer 2

AKA ethyl alcohol and grain alcohol. Colorless, flammable liquid.
Boiling point of 78 degrees Celsius. Miscible with water, good solvent (forms solutions commonly known as tinctures).
Can be used as antifreeze b/c freezing point is -115 degrees Celsius.
Used to make acetaldehyde and ether.

Question 3

Methanol (CH3OH)

Answer 3

AKA wood alcohol.
Colorless, flammable liquid w/ bp of 65*C. Miscible with water, poisonous, can cause blindness if swallowed. Can be used as fuel, solvent, denaturant to make ethanol. Unsuitable for drinking.

Question 4

Ethylene Glycol

Answer 4

1,2-ethanediol

Colorless, high bp, low fp. Used as permanent antifreeze.

Question 5

Glycerine or glycerol

Answer 5

1,2,3-propanetriol

Colorless, odorless, viscous, sweet liquid. Used to make nitroglycerine, resins for paint, and cellophane.

Question 6

Methanal

Answer 6

Formaldehyde

Question 7

Ethanal

Answer 7

Acetaldehyde

Question 8

Carboxylic (Organic) Acids

Answer 8

R–COOH
Made from mild oxidation of aldehyde.
Named with -oic (ex. Methanal forms MethanOIC acid)

Question 9

Methanoic Acid

Answer 9

Formic Acid

Question 10

Ethanoic Acid

Answer 10

Acetic Acid (CH3COOH)

Question 11

Glacial acetic acid

Answer 11

Concentrated acetic acid (ethanoic acid). Used to make cellulose acetate.

Question 12

Ketones

Answer 12

R-C-R*
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O

Formed from a slightly oxidized secondary alcohol.
Named by adding # for which carbon has double bonded O then adding -one. (Ex. Butan-2-ONE has double bond on 2nd carbon and it has 4 carbons total)

Question 13

Ether

Answer 13

R-O-R*
Formed by dehydration of primary alcohol with sulfuric acid.
Shorter chain is first half of ether’s name with -ane suffix changed to-OXY and longer alkane chain name is suffix (ex. If propane-O-ethane, name is ethoxypropane or ethyl propyl ether)

Question 14

Diethyl Ether

Answer 14

Commonly called ‘ether’

Anesthetic

Question 15

Amine

Answer 15

Compound where NH2- (amide ion) replaces a hydrogen in a hydrocarbon.

Question 16

Amides

Answer 16

NH2- (amide ion) replaces a hydrogen in the carboxyl group. Naming amides: the -ic (common name) or -oic (IUPAC name) replaced by -amide.

Question 17

Esters

Answer 17

R-C-O-R*
||
O
Formed by reacting organic acid and alcohol
Naming: alcohol name turned to appropriate alkyl name (ethanol to ethyl) and then acid name’s -ic replaced with -ate (ethanoic to ethanoATE)
Sweet scents

Question 18

Alkanes

Answer 18

Saturated
C(n)H(2n+2)
As number of carbons increase, bp increases
First four alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, butane) gas at room temperature.
Homologous series
Found in petroleum and natural gas. Extracted by fractional distillation.

Question 19

Alcohol

Answer 19

R–OH
If the OH is attached to an end carbon, it is a PRIMARY alcohol but if it is attached to a middle carbon, it is a SECONDARY alcohol.