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MCAT Psychology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Attitude

A

Learned tendency to evaluate things a certain way

1) Affect (Emotion) 2) Behavior 3) Cognitive

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2
Q

How does attitude influence behavior?

A

1) Theory of Planned Behavior
2) Attitude to Behavior Process Model
3) Prototype Willingness Model
4) Elaboration Likelihood Model

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3
Q

Attitude to Behavior Process Model

A

An event triggers an attitude

Attitude and prior knowledge will shape our behavior

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4
Q

Prototype Willingness Model (PWM)

A

Behavior is made up of 6 things

1) Attitude
2) Past Behavior
3) Subjective Norms
4) Behavior Intentions
5) Willingness
6) Prototypes

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5
Q

ELM Model of Attitude –> Behavior

A

Is a process describing how our attitudes form and change

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6
Q

Theory of Planned Behavior

A

We look at the intentions of our actions before we behave. We look at the strength of our intentions before we carry this out.

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7
Q

Foot In The Door Phenomenon

A

Tendency to agree to small actions first and overtime are more likely to agree to bigger acts

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8
Q

Role-Playing

A

Behavior we exhibit as part of our role which over time changes our attitude.

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9
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion

A

Central route to persuasion (Pay attention to message)

Peripheral route to persuasion (Not paying attention to message)

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10
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

Behavior, cognition and environment are intertwined and rely on each other.
Invented by Bandura (observational learning)

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11
Q

Internal Locus Of Control

A

Blame themselves for shortcomings

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12
Q

External Locus of Control

A

Blame other factors for shortcomings

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13
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

A behavior in which an organism forced to endure aversive, painful or otherwise unpleasant stimuli, becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli, even if they are escapable.

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14
Q

Tyranny of Choice

A

Too many choices can lead to decision paralysis and unhappiness

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15
Q

Self Control

A

1) Change environment
2) Operant Conditioning
3) Classical conditioning
4) Deprivation (complete removal of tempting object)

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16
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Discomfort experienced when holding two or more thoughts

1) Modify (Dont smoke that much)
2) Trivialize (Evidence is weak)
3) Adding Cognition (I exercise a lot)
4) Denying cognition (smoking & cancer not linked)

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17
Q

Message Characteristics

A

Features of the message such as logic and # of key points in the message

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18
Q

Source Characteristics

A

The sources a person is using in their messages, credibility etc.

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19
Q

Target characteristics

A

Personal characteristics to a target that have an important influence on whether a message is viewed as persuasive

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20
Q

Central cognitive route

A

People are persuaded by content and logic of argument.

Only happens when motivated & not disctracted

21
Q

Peripheral cognitive route

A

People are persuaded by superficial/secondary characteristics of speech.

22
Q

Role of Hippocampus

A

Integrating and storing information from the short term to long term memory.

23
Q

Role of Amygdala, Thalamus, PFC

A

Amygdala: Strong emotional memory
Thalamus: Sensory/Motor action NOT memory
PFC: Slight short term memory

24
Q

Stages of memory

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

25
Q

What part of the brain is associated with procedural memory?

A

Basal Ganglia

26
Q

Role of hypothalamus in memory?

A

Hypothalamus is not involved in memory. It regulates metabolism and body temp etc.

27
Q

Biological Theory

A

Our genes lead to traits lead to behavior/personality

Temperament: Innate nature of a person

28
Q

Humanistic Theory

A

1) Maslow
2) Carl Rogers
Humans are inherently good, that seek self-actualization and have free-will.
To achieve self-concept they need to be genuine and accepting.

29
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

A

1) Self-actualization (Potential)
2) Self-esteem (Respect)
3) Love (Social)
4) Safety (Basic)
5) Physiological Needs (Basic)

30
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Unconscious desires drive behavior

Id, Ego and Superego

31
Q

The Id

A

Immediate gratification in the unconscious brain

32
Q

The Ego

A

Long term gratification in the conscious and unconscious brain

33
Q

The Super Ego

A

Moral Compass in the conscious and unconscious brain

34
Q

Behavioral Theory

A

In behavioral therapy, the goal is to reinforce desirable behaviors and eliminate unwanted or maladaptive ones.

35
Q

Trait Theory

A

Defines personality by patters of behavior through description rather than explanation.
Traits are stable characteristic that cause them to continually behave in certain ways.

36
Q

Allport Theory

A

All individuals have different characteristics that are broken down into 3 fields.
Cardinal (Dominant Trait)
Central (Subdominant Traits)
Secondary (Preferences/Attitudes)

37
Q

Cattell Theory

A

We have 16 personality traits that we all possess

38
Q

Eysenck Theory

A

3 Major dimensions of personality and we express all our traits but we express them in different degrees (expect psychoticism)

1) Extroversion
2) Neuroticism
3) Psychoticism

39
Q

Big 5 Theory

A 
Openness
Consciousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
40
Q

Factor Analysis

A

Catell, Eysenck and Big 5 use FA. Statistical methods that categorizes traits by classifying variables.

41
Q

Incentive Theory

A

Skinner
Reward given after action to try to repeat that behavior. Reward given immediately increases the chances of that behavior repeating.

42
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

Drive reduction theory says that humans are motivated to reduce the state of tension caused when certain biological needs are not satisfied (lunges to water)

43
Q

Social Psychology

A

How social situations influence people

People can behave differently in different situations.

44
Q

Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages

A 
Trust v. Mistrust (0-1) 
Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt (1-3) 
Initiative v. Guilt (3-6)
Industry v. Inferiority (6-12)
Identity v. Role confusion (12-18)   
Intimacy v. Isolation (18-35)
Generation v. Stagnation (35-60)
Integrity v. Despair (60+)
45
Q

Behaviorist Perspective

A

Personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on a person’s environment.
Behaviorism is deterministic.

46
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

Relies on behavioral techniques but adds a cognitive element, focusing on the problematic thoughts that underlie behaviors.

47
Q

Social Cognitive Perspective

A

Personality is formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavior, cognitive and environmental factors.

48
Q

Surface Traits

A

Traits evident from a person’s behavior

49
Q

Source Traits

A

Factors underlying human personality & behavior

MCAT Psychology (8 decks)

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