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From Flashcardlet > Chapter 11 - Skeletal Muscle Movements > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Skeletal Muscle Movements Flashcards

0
Q

origin

A

attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the movable bone

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1
Q

insertion

A

attachment of the muscle’s other tendon to the movable bone

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2
Q

belly (body)

A

fleshy portion of the muscle between tendons

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3
Q

actions

A

main movements that occur when the muscle contracts

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4
Q

reverse muscle action (rma)

A

during specific movements of the body the actions are reversed; the positions of the origin and insertion of a specific muscle are switched

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5
Q

lever

A

rigid structure that can move around a fixed point

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6
Q

fulcrum

A

fixed point

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7
Q

A lever is acted on by two forces

A

effort

resistance

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8
Q

effort

A

causes movement

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9
Q

resistance/load

A

opposes movement

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10
Q

mechanical advantage

A

load is closer to the fulcrum and the effort farther from the fulcrum, a relatively small effort is required to move a large load over a small distance

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11
Q

mechanical disadvantage

A

a load is farther from the fulcrum and the effort is applied closer to the fulcrum, a relatively large effort is required to move a small load (at greater speed)

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12
Q

Three types of levers

A 
first class
second class
third class
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13
Q

first class lever

A

fulcrum is between effort and load
ex: scissors and see saws
can produce a mechanical advantage or disadvantage depending on the effort or load closer to the fulcrum

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14
Q

second class lever

A

load is between the fulcrum and the effort
ex. wheelbarrow
always produce a mechanical advantage bc load is always closer to the fulcrum than the effort

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15
Q

third class lever

A

effort is between fulcrum and load
ex: pair of forceps
produce a mechanical disadvantage bc effort is always closer to the fulcrum than the load

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16
Q

fascicles

A

bundles made up of skeletal muscle fibers within the muscle

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17
Q

intramuscular injection

A

penetrates the skin and subQ layer to enter muscle
preferred when prompt absorption is desired
injected into glutes, lateral side of thigh, mid portion of vastus lateralis muscle

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18
Q

prime mover (agonist)

A

contracts to cause action

ex: biceps brachii

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19
Q

antagonist

A

stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover

ie: triceps brachii

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20
Q

synergist

A

contract and stabilize the intermediate joints

prevents unwanted movements at intermediate joints or to otherwise aid the movement of the prime mover

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21
Q

fixators

A

stabilizes the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently
steady the proximal end of a limb while movements occur at the distal end

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22
Q

compartment

A

group of skeletal muscles, associated blood vessels, associated nerves, all of which have a common function

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23
Q

Roles of stretching

A

Improved physical performance
Decreased risk of injury
Reduced muscle soreness
Improve posture

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24
Q

How skeletal muscles are named

A 
objective
overview
muscle names
origins, insertions, and actions
innervation
relating muscles to movements
questions
clinical connections
figures
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25
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

closes the eye

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26
Q

levator palpebrae superioris muscle

A

opens the eye

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27
Q

occipitofrontalis

A

made up of two parts; anterior frontal belly (frontalis) and posterior occipital belly (occipitals)

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28
Q

frontalis

A

superficial to the frontal bone

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29
Q

occipitalis

A

superficial to the occipital bone

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30
Q

epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica)

A

covers the super and lateral surfaces of the skull

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31
Q

aponeurosis

A

sheet like tendon that hold the fascia and occipital together

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32
Q

buccinator

A

forms the major muscular portion of the cheek; duct of parotid gland (a salivary gland) passes through the buccinator to reach the oral cavity

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33
Q

extrinsic eye muscles

A

muscles that move the eyeballs; originate outside the eyeballs (in the orbit) and insert on the outer surface of the sclera (white of eye)

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34
Q

Three pairs of extrinsic eye muscles that control movement of eyeballs

A
  1. superior and inferior recti
  2. lateral and medial recti
  3. superior and inferior obliques
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35
Q

superior/inferior recti

A

move the eyeballs superiorly and inferiorly

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36
Q

lateral/medial recti

A

move eyeballs laterally and medially

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37
Q

superior oblique

A

originates posteriorly near the tendinous ring; passes anteriorly superior to the medial rectus muscle, ends in a round tendon

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38
Q

inferior oblique

A

originates on the maxilla at the anteromedial aspect of the floor of the orbit; passes posteriorly and lateral; inserts on the posterolateral aspect of the eyeball

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39
Q

levator palpebrae superioris

A

does not move the eyeball; tendon passes the eyeball and inserts into upper eyelid
raises the upper eyelid (opens the eyes); antagonist to the obicularis oculi (closes the eye)

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40
Q

strabismus

A

two eyeballs are not properly aligned; can be hereditary or due to birth injuries

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41
Q

muscles of mastication (chewing)

A

muscles that move the mandible (lower jawbone) at the temporomandibular joint (tmj)

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42
Q

closers of the jaw and strength of bite

A

masseter (strongest muscle of mastication)
temporalis
medial pterygoid

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43
Q

medial and lateral pterygoid

A

assist in mastication by moving mandible from side to side to help grind food; lateral protract the mandible

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44
Q

Teeny Mice Make Petite Little Prints

A

Temporalis, Masseter, Medial Pterygoid, Lateral Pterygoid

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45
Q

Gravity on the mandible

A

when masseter, temporals, and medial pterygoid muscle relax, mandible drops

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46
Q

extrinsic tongue muscles

A

originate outside the tongue and insert into it; move tongues in different directions (anteriorly, posteriorly, and laterally); insert into both lateral halves of the tongue

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47
Q

intrinsic tongue muscles

A

originate and insert within the tongue; alter the shape of the tongue; insert into both lateral halves of the tongue

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48
Q

genioglossus

A

origin: the mandible

pulls tongue downward and forward

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49
Q

hyoglossus

A

origin: hyoid bone

pulls the tongue downward and flattens it

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50
Q

styloglossus

A

origin: styloid process

pulls the tongue upward and backward

51
Q

palatoglossus

A

origin: soft palate

raises back portion of tongue

52
Q

suprahyoid muscles

A

located superior to the hyoid bone; elevates hyoid, floor of oral activity, and tongue during swallowing (deglutition)

53
Q

endotracheal intubation

A

a tube inserted from the lips through the laryngopharynx (inferior portion of the throat) into the trachea. Can also be done nasally.

54
Q

suprahyoid muscles

A

digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid

55
Q

digastric

A

two bellies; anterior and posterior; united by an intermediate tendon held in position by fibrous loop

56
Q

stylohoid

A

elevates and draws the hyoid bone posteriorly elongating the floor of oral cavity during swallowing

57
Q

mylohyoid

A

elevates hyoid bone and helps press tongue against roof of oral cavity during swallowing - moving food from the oral cavity into throat

58
Q

geniohyoid

A

elevates and draws hyoid bone anteriorly to shorten floor of oral cavity; widens throat to receive food that’s being swallowed; depresses mandible

59
Q

infrahyoid muscles

A

omohyoid; sternohyoid, thyrohyroid

60
Q

infrahyoid muscles

A

“strap” muscles due to ribbon like appearance; depress hyoid bone and move larynx during swallowing and speech

61
Q

omohyoid

A

digastric muscle; composed of two bellies (superior and inferior) connected by an intermediate tendon;

62
Q

sternohyoid

A

depresses the hyoid bone; depresses the thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) of the larynx to produce low sounds

63
Q

thyrohyoid

A

depress the hyoid bone

64
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

due to nervous system disorders, weaken or damaged muscles (stroke, Parkinsons, cerebral palsy)

65
Q

sternocledomastoid (SCM)

A

flexes the cervical portion of the vertebral column and flexes the head; laterally flexes and rates the head;
consists of two bellies;
evident near anterior attachments;
bellies insert as sternal and clavicular head

66
Q

anterior triangle

A

bordered superiorly by mandibles,medially by cervical midline, laterally by anterior border of SCM;
subdivided into 3 paired triangles: submandibular, carotid, muscular;
submental triangle - unpaired; formed by upper part of combined left and right anterior triangles

67
Q

posterior triangle

A

bordered inferiorly by clavicle, anteriorly by posterior border of SCM, posteriorly by anterior border of trapezius muscle;
subdivided into two triangles: occipital and supraclavicular (omoclavicular) b inferior belly of omoyoid muscle

68
Q

anterolateral abdominal wall

A

composed of skin, fascia, four pairs of muscles: external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdomens, rectus abdominis

69
Q

tendinous intersections

A

3 transverse fibrous bands of tissue;

remnants of septa that separated myotomes during embryological development

70
Q

rectus sheaths

A

aponeuroses of external oblique, internal oblique, and transverses abdominis muscle;
enclose the rectus abdominis muscles

71
Q

linea alba

A

white line;
where sheets meet at midline;
tough fibrous band that extends from the xiphoid process of sternum to pubic symphysis;
in pregnancy, stretches to increase the distance between the recut abdominis muscles

72
Q

inguinal ligament

A

inferior free border of external oblique aponeurosis ;

runs from anterior superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle

73
Q

superficial inguinal ring

A

superior to medial end of inguinal ligament;
triangular slit in the aponeurosis;
outer opening of inguinal canal

74
Q

inguinal canal

A

spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve in males, round ligament of uterus, ilioinguinal nerve in females

75
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of an organ through a structure that normally contains it;
creates a lump that can be seen or felt through the skin’s surface;
most common in males-inguinal canals are larger to accommodate the spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve

76
Q

inguinal hernia

A

rupture or separation of a portion of the inguinal area of the abdominal wall resulting in the protrusion of a part of the small intestine

77
Q

Pelvic floor muscles

A

levator ani;

ischiococcygeus

78
Q

pelvic diaphragm

A

stretches from the pubis anteriorly to the coccyx posteriorly and from one lateral wall of the pelvis to the other;
separates the pelvic cavity above from the perineum below;
anal canal and urethra pierce the diaphragm in both sexes;
vagina also goes through it

79
Q

Levator ani components

A

pubococcygeus, puborectalis, iliococcygeus

80
Q

levator ani

A

largest and most important muscle of the pelvic floor;
supports the pelvic viscera;
resists the inferior thrust that accompanies increases in intra-abdominal pressure during forced exhalation, coughing, vomiting, urination, and defacation;
functions as a sphincter at at the anorectal junction, urethra, and vagina

81
Q

urinary stress incontinence

A

leakage of urine whenever intra-abdominal press is increased;
levator ani muscles injured during childbirth or episiotomy;
strengthen and tighten muscles supporting the pelvic viscera (kegel exercises)

82
Q

perineum

A

region of the trunk inferior to the pelvic diaphragm;

diamond shaped area that extends from pubic symphysis anteriorly to coccyx posteriorly to ischial tuberosities laterally

83
Q

urogenital trainale

A

contain external genitals

84
Q

anal triangle

A

contains the anus where several perineal muscles insert

85
Q

Muscles that move the pectoral girdle

A

anterior and posterior thoracic muscles

86
Q

anterior thoracic muscles

A

subclavius, pectoralis minor, and serratus anterial

87
Q

subclavius

A

small cylandrical muscle under the clavicle;
extends from clavicle to first rib;
steadies clavicle during pectoral girdle movements

88
Q

pectoralis minor

A

thin flat triangular muscle;
deep to pectorals major;
assists in forced inhalation

89
Q

serratus anterior

A

large flat fan-snapped muscle between ribs and scapula;

saw-toothed appearance of its origins on the ribs

90
Q

posterior thoracic muscles

A

trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor

91
Q

trapezius

A

large flat triangular sheet of muscle;
extends from skull and vertebral column medially to pectoral girdle laterally;
most superficial back muscle;
covers posterior neck region and superior portion of trunk;
two muscles from a trapezoid

92
Q

levator scapulae

A

narrow elongated muscle;
located in the posterior portion of neck;
deep to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle;
elevates the scapula

93
Q

rhomboid major/minor

A

major: 2x wider than minor;
elevate and adducts scapula;
rotates scapula downward;
stabilizes scapula

94
Q

Movements of scapula

A

elevation, depression, abduction (protraction), adduction (retraction), upward rotation, downward rotation

95
Q

Number of muscles that cross the shoulder joint

A

9;
7 originate from the scapula;
2 originate on the axial skeleton (pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi)

96
Q

RMA

A

reverse muscle action

97
Q

rotator (musculotendinous) cuff

A

complete circle of tendons around the should joint;
subject to wear and tear due to location between head of humerus and acrimony of scapula;
further irritated by poor posture with slouched shoulders

98
Q

impingement syndrome

A

caused by a direct blow or stretch injury;
continual pinching of the supraspinatus tendon;
confused with compartment syndrome

99
Q

Flexor muscles

A

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

100
Q

Pronator muscles

A

pronator teres, pronator quadratus

101
Q

Extensor muscles

A

triceps brachii, anconeus

102
Q

Supinator muscle

A

supinator

103
Q

Muscles of the forearm

A

anterior and posterior compartment muscles

104
Q

anterior (flexor) muscles

A

originate on the humerus;
insert on carpals, metacarpals, phalanges;
function primarily as flexors

105
Q

anterior (flexor) muscles

A

flexor carpi radialis;
palmaris longus (missing in 10% of individuals, used for tendon repair);
flexor carpi ulnaris;
flexor digitorum superficialis

106
Q

posterior (extensor) muscles

A

originate on the humerus;
insert on metacarpals, phalanges;
function as extensors

107
Q

superficial anterior compartment

A

flexor carpi radialis;
palmaris longus (missing in 10% of individuals, used for tendon repair);
flexor carpi ulnaris;
flexor digitorum superficialis

108
Q

deep anterior compartment

A

flexor pollicis longus (only flexor of the distal phalanx of thumb);
flexor digitorum profundus (ends in four tendons that insert into distal phalanges of fingers)

109
Q

superficial posterior compartment

A 
extensor carpi radialis longus;
extensor carpi radialis brevis;
extensor digitorum;
extensor digiti minimi;
extensor carpi ulnaris
110
Q

deep postural compartment

A

abductor pollicis longus;
extensor pollicic brevis;
extensor pollicis longus;
extensor indicis

111
Q

retinacula

A

fibrous bands that thicken deep fascia at wrist

112
Q

flexor retinaculum

A

located over the palmar surface of carpal bones

113
Q

extensor retinaculum

A

located over dorsal surface of carpal bones

114
Q

intrinsic muscles of the hand

A

produce weak but intricate underpass movements of the digits that characterize the hand (p 372)

115
Q

Muscles of the quadricep

A

rectus femoris (great extensor muscle of the leg);
vastus lateralis;
vastus medialis;
vastus intermedius

116
Q

quadricep tendon

A

inserts into patella;

common tendon for four muscles

117
Q

satorius

A

long narrow muscle that forms a band across the thigh from ilium of hip bone to medial side of tibia

118
Q

muscles of hamstring

A

biceps femoris;
semitendinosus;
semimembranosus

119
Q

hamstrings

A

span two joints (hip and knee);

extensor of thigh; flexor of leg

120
Q

quadriceps femoris

A

largest muscle in the body;
covers most of anterior surface and sides of thigh;
composite muscle of quad muscles

121
Q

calcaneal (achilles) tendon

A

strongest tendon in the body;
inserts into the calcanea bone of the ankle;
common tendon of insertion in the superficial muscle

122
Q

gastrocnemius

A

most superficial muscle;

forms prominence of calf

123
Q

soleus

A

lies deep to gastroc;
broad and flat;
flat fish

124
Q

plantaris

A

small muscle that may be absent;
sometimes two;
runs bluely between the gastroc and soles

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