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Transplantation Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

A transplant from the same individual (ex: skin graft).

A
  • autograft
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2
Q

A transplant from an identical twin (or inbred lab mice).

A
  • isograft
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3
Q

A transplant from a member of the same species.

A
  • allograft

- (most common type of transplant)

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4
Q

A transplant from a different species.

A
  • xenograft
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5
Q

What are the tissue type and genetic identity of an autograft transplant?

A
  • tissue type: autologous

- genetic identity: total

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6
Q

What are the tissue type and genetic identity of an isograft transplant?

A
  • tissue type: isologous

- genetic identity: isogenic

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7
Q

What are the tissue type and genetic identity of an allograft transplant?

A
  • tissue type: homologous

- genetic identity: allogenic

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8
Q

What are the tissue type and genetic identity of a xenograft transplant?

A
  • tissue type: heterologous

- genetic identity: xenogenic

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9
Q

What are the three classes of transplant antigens?

A
  • ABO blood groups, MHC antigens (HLA), and minor histocompatibility antigens
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10
Q

Give an example of a minor histocompatibility antigen.

A
  • proteins coded by genes on a Y chromosome that are not found in females
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11
Q

Where are the MHC/HLA genes found?

A
  • chromosome 6
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12
Q

How many classes of MHC/HLA are there? What does each do?

A
  • THREE classes!
  • type I: found on all nucleated cells; present to CD8+
  • type II: found on professional APCs: present to CD4+
  • type III: do not code for MHC antigens; code for other proteins with immune functions
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13
Q

What are the different types of MHC class I? Class II?

A
  • class I: HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C

- class II: HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR

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14
Q

Which types of MHC are most important for renal transplant success?

A
  • HLA-DR, HLA-B, and HLA-A (in that order)
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15
Q

What are the three types of transplant rejection? Which is most commonly encountered?

A
  • hyperacute, acute, and chronic

- acute rejection is most common

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16
Q

Hyperacute Rejection

A
  • occurs within minutes or hours of the transplant
  • a result of pre-existing antibodies to the donor’s blood or MHC antigens (it’s essentially a secondary immune response)
17
Q

Is Hyperacute Rejection responsive to immuno-suppressive therapy?

A
  • no, because the antibodies are already in the host’s body
18
Q

Acute Rejection

A
  • occurs within 1 to 3 weeks of the transplant
  • is a primary immune response to the donor tissue
  • two types (direct and indirect)
19
Q

Is Acute Rejection responsive to immuno-suppressive therapy?

A
  • yes, because the antibodies against the transplant have not yet been created (the body needs to mount a successful primary immune response in order for rejection to occur)
20
Q

Direct Acute Rejection

A
  • 1 of 2 types of acute rejection

- when the donor’s APCs migrate to the host’s lymph nodes and stimulate T-cells directly

21
Q

Indirect Acute Rejection

A
  • 1 of 2 types of acute rejection

- when the recipient’s APCs process and present the donor’s antigens to T-cells

22
Q

Chronic Rejection

A
  • occurs months to years after the transplant
  • difficult to detect
  • more common in young people (perhaps because of their stronger immune systems)
23
Q

Is Chronic Rejection responsive to immuno-suppressive therapy?

A
  • usually no
24
Q

Graft V. Host (GVH) Reaction

A
  • when cells from the DONOR respond to and attack the HLA antigens of the recipient
  • occurs when mature T cells are injected into a non-identical immunocompromised recipient
25
Q

Give an example of a transplant that can result in a GVH reaction.

A
  • an allogenic bone marrow transplant
26
Q

What is cross-matching?

A
  • directly testing the recipient’s serum against the donor tissue to see if there are any pre-existing antibodies in the recipient that could result in rejection
  • the most important factor in determing if a transplant will be successful (even more so than if the two have very similar MHC)
27
Q

What do most transplant patients die from?

A
  • cardiovascular disease

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