Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LS 1 > Final - Lecture Slides (new material only) > Flashcards

Final - Lecture Slides (new material only) Flashcards

1
Q

5 levels of ecology

A

Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Organismal ecology (def.)

A

Study of adaptations that influence where and in what densities organisms exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Population (def.)

A

group of individuals that live in same area at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Community (def.)

A

multiple populations that interact in a particular area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ecosystem ecology (def.)

A

treats biotic and abiotic factors as part of a complex system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Global ecology (def.)

A

studies influences on biosphere (where living things exist on earth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Abiotic factors (def. and 3 examples)

A

non-living factors that influence where organisms exist (e.g., temperature, moisture/rainfall, variability)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Biotic factors (def. and 3 examples)

A

Food/prey, predators/parasites, hosts/host plants, competitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Innate behaviors

A

performed without prior experience but can still be influenced by experience and learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)

A

behavioral patterns that an organism will continue until completed, once they’ve begun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What causes FAP’s to begin?

A

A sign stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Learning (ecological definition)

A

An enduring change in behavior based on experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Proximate cause

A

mechanistic; asks “how”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ultimate cause

A

ask “why,” have to do with evolutionary influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tinbergen’s four questions

A
  1. Immediate stimuli: what elicits a behavior?
  2. Development: how does behavior change over animal’s lifetime?
  3. Survival function: how does a behavior affect survival and reproduction?
  4. Evolutionary history: how does a behavior vary over the history of the animal?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What kind of question and what perspective is each of Tinbergen’s four questions?

A
  1. Proximate and short-term
  2. Proximate and long-term
  3. Ultimate and short-term
  4. Ultimate and long-term
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Optimality

A

Do animals behave the way they “should” behave?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do “normative” models tell us?

A

what “should” happen, often generally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do “descriptive” models tell us?

A

Try to explain what happens in a particular circumstance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How to find optimal circumstance for something

A

Maximize difference between benefits and costs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Definition of ecology

A

Study of the distribution and abundance of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Functions of ornaments

A

Signals, often indicator traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anisogamy

A

sexual reproduction by the fusion of dissimilar gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why do males compete for females?

A

Female gametes are a limited resource of sorts (females have big gametes; males have small gametes and a lot of them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ordered or uniform distribution

A

(Variance/Mean)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Random distribution

A

(Variance/Mean) = 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Clumped distribution

A

(Variance/Mean)&raquo_space; 1

-lots of variation in nearest neighbor distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When do we expect an ordered distribution?

A

Individuals are directly competing or defending a territory, and resources are evenly distributed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When do we expect to see a clumped distribution?

A

Resources are clumped (environment is patchy), or with social animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does N mean for mark and recapture?

A

total population (what we’re trying to find out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does m1 mean for mark and recapture?

A

number in the first sample; all marked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does n2 mean for mark and recapture?

A

number in second sample, total

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does m2 mean for mark and recapture?

A

number in second sample that were captured before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Equation to find total population for mark and recapture

A

N = (m1*n2)/m2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Demography (def.)

A

study of factors that affect size and structure of a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What causes population growth?

A

births and immigration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What causes population decline?

A

Deaths and emigration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Generation time (def.)

A

average time between mother’s and daughter’s first offspring

39
Q

Type I survivorship curve

A

high survivorship until old age, then low survivorship

40
Q

Type II survivorship curve

A

steady survivorship throughout lifetime

41
Q

Type III survivorship curve

A

initial low survivorship, then high survivorship

42
Q

Life history (def.)

A

traits related to survival, mating success, and fecundity

43
Q

r selected species

A

low survivorship, high fecundity

44
Q

k selected species

A

high survivorship, low fecundity

45
Q

Life history trade-offs

A

an individual allocates resources or energy to different components of life history

46
Q

Where do life history trade-offs come from?

A

Traits controlled by genes that increase one fitness component at the expense of another

47
Q

Population growth formulas

A

∆N/∆t = (b-d)N = rN

48
Q

Formula for total population growth, ignoring migration

A

B-D

or, total births - total deaths

49
Q

Formula for per capita growth rate

A

(b-d) = r

or per capita births minus per capita deaths

50
Q

What does it mean to have a per capita growth rate of
a) 0
b) >0
c)

A

a) b and d are equal; population is stable, no growth or decline
b) growth
c) population decline

51
Q

What is instantaneous growth rate?

A

Growth rate at any given time

52
Q

What is maximum r (r_max)?

A

Intrinsic rate of growth, or as fast as a population can grow in unlimited conditions (unlimited resources)

53
Q

Formula for population at generation t

A

N_t = N_0(1+r)^t

54
Q

What is one factor that often affects instantaneous growth rate?

A

Density (density dependent population)

55
Q

Carrying capacity (def.)

A

K; the number of individuals an environment can support

56
Q

Equation for logistic growth

A

∆N/∆t = rN(K-N)/K

57
Q

Metapopulation (def.)

A

two or more subpopulations

58
Q

Population structure (def.)

A

Extent to which subpopulations cannot interact through migration

59
Q

Sink (def.)

A

∆N

60
Q

Source (def.)

A

∆N>0 (population growth)

61
Q

Predation species interaction

A

+/-

62
Q

Herbivory species interaction

A

+/-

63
Q

Competition species interaction

A

-/-

64
Q

Irruption (def.)

A

much higher than usual sightings of owls in southern areas

65
Q

Niche (def.)

A

range of resources an organism uses; the relationship of individuals in a species to all aspects of their biotic and abiotic environment

66
Q

Competitive exclusion (def.)

A

one species drives the other locally extinct

67
Q

Fundamental niche (def.)

A

range of conditions where we find an organism in the absence of predators or competition

68
Q

Realized niche (def.)

A

niche in the presence of predation and competition

69
Q

Niche differentiation (def. and result)

A

When species niches do not overlap; natural selection favors individuals that do not compete

70
Q

Aposematism (def.)

A

warning coloration

71
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

two or more toxic/venomous animals develop similar appearances and receive mutual benefit

72
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

non toxic/venomous mimic looks like poisonous model and the mimic benefits; only works when mimics are relatively rare

73
Q

Inducible defense (def.)

A

physiological or developmental (growth) response to predation and herbivory

74
Q

Top-down control (def.)

A

predators limit herbivore populations

75
Q

Bottom-up control (def.)

A

plants limit herbivore populations

76
Q

What is a profound consequence of range shifts for species?

A

Hybridization

77
Q

Dilution effect

A

loss of biodiversity means higher disease risk in humans

78
Q

Rescue effect

A

diversity can “rescue” infection; higher diversity can lead to development of a better reservoir

79
Q

Island biogeography: large islands have more ____ than small islands

A

species

80
Q

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

A

total chemical energy produced in a given area/time

81
Q

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

A

chemical potential energy stored as biomass

82
Q

Trophic levels (bottom to top)

A

decomposer -> primary producer -> primary consumer -> secondary consumer -> tertiary consumer

83
Q

What direction do arrows go in a food web?

A

Consumed to consumer

84
Q

Biomagnification (def.)

A

higher concentrations at higher trophic levels (could be concentration of something toxic)

85
Q

Trophic cascade (def.)

A

when changes in high trophic levels influence trophic levels two or more links away

86
Q

Hyper- or eutrophication (def. and cause)

A

too much food, caused by fertilizers at high concentrations

87
Q

Primary succession (def.)

A

removal (or covering) of soil and soil community, and organisms above the soil

88
Q

Secondary succession (def.)

A

does not remove all soil and soil organisms

89
Q

Pioneering species (def.)

A

can grow in highly disturbed areas, devote much of their resources to reproduction

90
Q

Facilitation (def.)

A

presence of (early) species improves chances for later species: stabilizes soil, fixes nitrogen

91
Q

Tolerance (def.)

A

presence of given species does not affect chance of subsequent species establishing

92
Q

Inhibition (def.)

A

presence of a given species reduces chances of later speces

93
Q

Species richness (def.)

A

number of species

94
Q

Species diversity (def.)

A

takes into account prevalence of different species

LS 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions