G Changing Urban Environments Flashcards
Describe how pollution probs could be reduced in poor cities (4)
Fitting filters to chimneys of industrial plants reduce amount gases entering atmosphere reducing incidence of air pollution.
traffic control measures congestion charges, increased car park charges reduce amount of traffic entering city
Fines and regulations
Encourage use of cleaner sources
Why poor cities suffer from pollution (4)
Traffic pollution increase wealth more cars
Industrialisation increase more air pollution
Fossil fuels
Less regulations and fines for polluting than in rich
Poor infrastructure and toxic waste major prob causing pollution
Why CBDs need to be improved (4)
few people live in CBDs empty at night dangerous crime and vandalism Many shops are closing down because of growth of out-of-town shopping parks.
traffic congestion accessibility of CBDs leading to air pollution.
High business rates and costs
Rural urban fringe cheaper land greater space greater accessibility
How improve CBD (4)
Give money to build indoor shopping centres
Encourage people live in flats above shops
CCTV
allow people to shop in the warm and dry whatever the weather. parking spaces accessible encouraging people to shop in city centre
more people in city centre at night and so the shops and other land-uses like entertainment are likely to gain more custom. Less crime and vandalism
reduce crime people less frightened more likely to use city centre especially at night.
Describe features of sustainable settlement (8)
Describe features of sustainable urban living (8)
Describe main features of sustainable urban living (8)
Curitiba Brazil
200km bike lanes
Public transport developed less cars bus lanes pay before enter fast efficient BusRapidTransit single fare affordable 80% use
Less cars less congestion 25% less than Brazilian average lowest air pollution in Brazil
Green space increase from half square m 1970 to over 52 now
COHAB public housing programme 50 000 houses for poor urban
Green exchange project slum bin lorries cannot get in narrow roads bring rubbish to local collection centres get food and travel expenses not widen road
Small farms provided grow own food
Waste collectors sold rubbish carts use to collect sell waste to recycling companies
Why people of same ethnic group often live near each other (4)
Support from friends of same ethnic groups with services providing particular needs – e.g. religious centres, ethnic food shops.
same language support each other.
Security against racial attacks. Safe
Discrimination means often in areas with lower quality housing which is all they can afford
Understand each other
Familiar culture
Safety in no stronger voice heard as group not individually
Describe one strategy that try to support multicultural communities in urban areas (2)
Describe strategies used to support communities in urban areas (4)
Developing ethnic areas as tourist attractions – Immigrants can carry on with their traditional way of life and earn money from visitors who come to eat the food or visit the buildings.Encouraging an ethnic mix – live together less racial tension.Encouraging people to open their own businesses – the more the immigrants are able to enjoy a better standard of living from profits from their own businesses the less likelihood of discrimination.
Hospitals in big cities can have interpreters to help people who can’t speak English talk to the doctors. In some cities they invite cultural leaders to meetings about decisions that will affect their area. Leaflets in government offices are printed in lots of languages so that different communities can understand.
How health and action zone improve inner cities (2)
Designated areas of Action Zones were given money to focus on these issues eg through introducing monetary grants for spending in schools and hospitals
How probs of squatter settlements in poor world can be reduced (6)
self-help scheme foundation of a house is provided by local authorities completed by the house dweller. Authorities offer grants cheap loans materials
site and service scheme formal way infrastructure laid in advance of settlements water sanitation electricity supplied to individually marked plots improving hygiene. Add improve later if have money
Local authorities large scale improvement or new town constructed cairo 10th of Ramadan City built to reduce pressure on city. Industries provide jobs cheap housing so there is a house for people when they move to the town.
Describe prob caused by road traffic (2)
Time wasting traffic jams
How need to provide suitable housing is met in CBD inner city suburbs (4)
CBD
Turning empty spaces above shops into residential accommodation. Building student accommodation in disused property in CBD, which were formally large outdated residences.
Inner city
Updating and renovating terraced housing by putting in modern facilities. Demolishing slum properties and replacing with modern town housing. Building apartment blocks to accommodate young professionals who work in CBDs. Adapting former industrial buildings and warehouses into modern apartments. Subdividing large properties which have become derelict and so use up empty spaces.
Suburbs
Building more housing estates leading to urban sprawl on the Green Belt. Building a mix of different types of properties so as to provide for different family sizes.
How physical and human factors caused water pollution (4)
Physical – low lying nature of the site many creeks and islands means city regularly flooded by the sea so water supply gets polluted.
Human – rapid growth of pop led to development of squatter settlements without proper sewerage system, leads to pollution of water supply. The lack of piped water supply causes problems.
Describe how water pollution probs can be managed in poor cities (4)
Use aid or other sources of money to create a safe piped water and sewerage system so that one does not contaminate the other
Education
Flood defences
Sustainable urban living (1)
Urban living, which is not wasteful and does not pollute the environment.
Disadvantages of brownfield sites (4)
new housing which the residents of the tower block probably can’t afford.
unattractive as they are near old factories and buildings. difficult to get people to go and live there.
More expensive land need to be cleared first especially if contaminated by previous industrial use
Costly to resuscitate after years of inactivity
No good access to roads
