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MCAT - Psych/Sociology > Class 4 > Flashcards

Class 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

Anything that will increase the likelihood of the behavior happening again

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2
Q

What is punishment?

A

Anything that will decrease the likelihood of a behavior happening again

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3
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcement/punishment?

A

Primary = unlearned (innate, e.g. affection or pain)

Secondary = learned (e.g. status, money, good grades)

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4
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

A

Positive = ADDING something to encourage behavior

Negative = TAKING AWAY something to encourage behavior

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5
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?

A

Positive = ADDING something to discourage behavior

Negative = TAKING AWAY something to discourage behavior

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6
Q

What are the different reinforcement schedules of associative learning?

A
  1. Fixed ratio (e.g. get a response every tenth try)
  2. Variable ratio (e.g. not set how often you get a response)
  3. Fixed interval
  4. Variable interval
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7
Q

What is latent learning?

A

A process in which learning is occurring but is not immediately obvious. Later, when needed, the learning demonstrates itself.

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8
Q

What are serial position effects?

A

Placement in a list of items determines your ability to remember them.

  1. Primary effect = words at the beginning of the list
  2. Recency effect = words at the end of the list
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9
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

Rehearsing short-term memory information to remember

Encoding is primarily acoustic

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10
Q

How quickly does short-term memory decay?

A

15-30 seconds

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11
Q

How is long-term memory encoded?

A

Semantic (deriving meaning about or from something)

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12
Q

Is long-term memory unlimited?

A

So they say

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13
Q

What is encoding?

A

The process of changing/transforming information into a form that is more easily stored in our brains.

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14
Q

What is organization in terms of encoding?

A

Placing things into categories (e.g. animals, colors, etc)

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15
Q

What is semantic encoding?

A

Categorizing according to meaning

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16
Q

What is chunking?

A

Breaking a memory into smaller bits to help remember it. (e.g. chunks of phone number strings)

17
Q

What is dual-encoding?

A

Using two encoding strategies - e.g. visual and verbal

Method of loci

18
Q

Describe implicit vs explicit memory.

A

Explicit = declarative; memory with conscious recall

Implicit = nondeclarative; memory without conscious recall

19
Q

What are the two types of explicit memory?

A
  1. Episodic memory: events you have personally experienced

2. Semantic memory: processes and ideas not drawn from personal experience

20
Q

What is the self-reference effect?

A

A tendency for people to encode information differently depending on the level on which the self is implicated in the information. When people are asked to remember information when it is related in some way to the self, the recall rate can be improved.

21
Q

What is free recall?

A

Remembering something out of the blue

22
Q

What is cued recall?

A

A question, smell, song, primer, etc.

23
Q

What are some examples of recognition?

A

Multiple choice questions, seeing a face in a crowd, hearing a familiar song

24
Q

What are examples of relearning?

A

Review classes

25
Q

What is interference?

A

When competing material makes it more difficult to retrieve or encode information.

26
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

Information that has already been learned interferes with the ability to learn new information.

27
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

New information that has been learned makes it more difficult to retrieve older information.

28
Q

What is a source monitoring error?

A

You can’t remember where you learned information

29
Q

What is a false memory?

A

Constructing a memory for something that never happened.

30
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to form new memories

31
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Difficulty retrieving memories

32
Q

Somatosensory information is formed in the ______ lobe.

A

Parietal

33
Q

Describe the path of memories?

A

Occipital/temporal/parietal lobe -> frontal cortex -> hippocampus

34
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

Convert short term memories to long term memories and send them back to their respective loves.

MCAT - Psych/Sociology (6 decks)

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