Unit Two Flashcards
What were (3) characteristics of the Progressive Mind?
Response to problems of Gilded Age: industrialization, big business, political corruption, social conditions
Reliance on authority of government, caused its expansion and gain of power
Leadership role of middle class professionals.
How is populism similar to progressivism?
How is populism different?
How is progressivism different?
Both worried about industrial society, big business.
Populism was narrow movement, rural, provincial, unsuccessful.
Progressivism was broad reform effort, urban, middle class, nationwide, successful.
What is a Muckraker?
Who was the original Muckraker? What did he write first, and eventually publish?
Who was his female counterpart?
What did the Muckrakers end up doing?
What else did Muckrakers influence?
Magazine reporters
Lincoln Steffens, “Tweed Days in St Louis.”, exposing the corruption of city bosses. he then published “The Shame of the Cities,” gather all his essays in a novel.
Ida Tarbell, “History of the Standard Oil Company.”, exposing the ruthless actions of Rockefeller.
Popularizing the progressive spirit.
Novels
What occurred on a wide scale to business and industry?
What did this cause?
Wave of consolidation and mergers, fear of monopolies
Oligopoly in many industries.
What did Henry Ford do?
assembly line, mass production., made automobiles cheeper and available to the masses, popularized assembly lines
What did Frederick Winslow Taylor write, and do?
Wrote “The Principles of Scientific Management”, revolutionized how factories were run, worked to find the most efficient and productive way, however people lost individual power in their jobs due to his methods
What were some Civil Rights concerns for African Americans (5)?
What was the first movement concerning these concerns?
What association came of this?
Who was the leading African American advocate?
segregation, voting, education, economic opportunity, violence.
Niagara movement, Meeting at Niagara Falls
NAACP, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People- to fight for these rights
W.E.B. DuBois, he edited “The Crisis”, the NAACP magazine; most active and famous voice for African American equality
What occurred in Immigration?
What types of immigrants dominated?
What occurred from this?
Where did another new group of immigrants come from.
Continuing mass immigration
New immigrants dominated (Eastern and Southern Europe)
Growing nativism, and “Americanization” attempts.
Increasing immigration from Mexico after 1910, due to its lack of stability.
What did working women do and symbolize?
Resistance against cult of domesticity, working woman as symbol of female emancipation.
What occurred to the amount of working women?
Increase in number of working women
What sort of jobs did women work in?
Service sector (domestic servants), factory, and clerical jobs.
Did women work as professionals? Were there exceptions to this rule?
Little opportunity for female professionals
Nursing, teaching
What were people’s attitudes about working women?
Continuing criticism of female employment
Who was the leader of the AFL, what were they doing?
AFL with Samuel Gompers, largest union.
Conservative, devoted to skilled craftsmen
What union organized women?
What was one of their strikes?
What disaster followed the strike?
What occurred because of this disaster?
WTUL, Women’s Trade Union League, 1903.
Strike at Triangle Shirtwaist Company, 1909, demand weren’t met
Triangle Fire killed 146 employees, 1911.
Government started to implement changes
What union organized all workers (not the Knights)?
Who founded this, what strikes did they organize, what was important about him?
What was their ultimate goal?
What type of strike did they want to organize?
What important disaster follow one of their strikes?
IWW, Industrial Workers of the World,
Founder William “Big Bill” Haywood helped organize Paterson and Lawrence strikes, he was a radical socialist
Goal was to unite all workers, overthrow capitalism.
General strike, all workers stop working
Ludlow Massacre, 1914, 20 people died in attack on Colorado mine workers. The workers went on strike, and were evicted from company housing (part of strike reason), and made tent cities, the troops attacked these.
Who ran the Ashcan School?
What were they?
What did they paint?
Robert Henri, painter and art teacher.
Urban realist.
Unidealized view of city life, working class, slums, back alleys.
What did new feminists do?
Women rebelled against traditional roles of sexual behavior.
Who ran the birth control movement?
What was her job?
What book did she wright, and what’d she advocate for?
What important system she open?
What organization did she form?
Margaret Sanger led birth control movement
Nurse on Lower East Side, heard lots of complaints over lack of birth control
Woman Rebel, feminist, free speech advocate.
Opened first American birth control clinic in Brooklyn, 1916, handed out condoms
American Birth Control League, 1921.
Where did women reformers work?
What was the most famous example?
Women reformers worked in settlement houses,they provided social services
Jane Addams’ Hull House, 1889.
What organization promoted social justice?
What was their focus?
Who was a more radical reformer, what did she do as opposed to the others, what was her ‘solgan’?
What did the growing pressure result in?
WCTU, Women’s Christian Temperance Union, promoted social justice reform.
Focus on prohibition.
Kansas leader Carrie Nation destroyed bars, saloons, instead of speaking, and saying hymns, “Smash, ladies, smash!”
18th Amendment banned alcohol, was adopted in 1919.
What was the merged organization for women’s suffrage?
Who led them?
What organization broke away from this one, who led them, and what did they do?
What was the end result?
National American Woman Suffrage Association formed, 1890.
NAWSA leader Carrie Chapman Catt, focused strictly on suffrage.
Congressional Union, National Women’s Party, Alice Paul led protests and rallies
19th Amendment, vote for women, adopted in 1920.
What did reform mayors want to do?
Reform mayors to clean up cities, corruption, prostitution. More democratic, effective local government.
What was the most famous state reformer?
What was his ‘idea’ (5)?
How did this effect other states?
Robert LaFollette, “Fighting Bob,” Wisconsin Gov., 1900.
Wisconsin Idea: RR regulation, public utilities, worker’s compensation, state income tax, direct primary (voters elect candidates)
Reforms were adopted by other states.
What happened to McKinley?
Who replaced him?
President McKinley assassinated by Leon Czolgosz, 1901; Roosevelt replaced him
What did Theodore Roosevelt believe in?
TR was forceful, dynamic leader, believed in strong federal government.
How did Theodore Roosevelt deal with a strike?
What did he say about this?
Coal miner strike threatened economy, 1902.
Fed. government intervention, arbitration, mitigation, compromise
“Wasn’t that a square deal?”
What Theodore Roosevelt prosecute (4)?
What was he not, necessarily?
“Trust busting”: Northern Securities, Swift & Co., Standard Oil, Am. Tobacco.
Not necessarily anti-trust, only “busted” the “bad” ones left the “good” ones alone
What act did Theodore Roosevelt pass (3)?
Hepburn Act, 1906, railroad regulation, strengthened ICC, set max. rates.
What book inspired new acts?
What were the acts?
Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, 1906.
Meat packing industry, readers disgusted.
Meat Inspection Act, 1906.
Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906.
What did Theodore Roosevelt do about the environment?
First comprehensive national conservation policy, conserve resources and make national parks/ reservations.
Who was Roosevelt’s friend?
William Howard Taft, TR’s friend, handpicked successor.
What did Taft lack?
Lacked progressive reform spirit.
What did Taft do to the tariff?
passed act raised tariff
What hurt (not quite ended) the Taft-Roosevelt friendship?
Firing of Gifford Pinchot, alienated conservationists.
What ended the Taft-Roosevelt friendship?
Antitrust lawsuit against U.S. Steel angered TR, because he had earlier approved US Steel to buy Tennessee Coal & Iron.
What occurred from the Taft-Roosevelt split?
Republicans were divided, in the 1912 election
For the 1912 election, who did the Republicans wish to nominate?
Taft nominated to stand for reelection.
What party broke off of the Republicans? Who did they wish to nominate?
Progressives, “Bull Moose” Party chose Roosevelt.
For the 1912 election, who did the Democrats wish to nominate?
Democrats selected NJ governor Woodrow Wilson.
For the 1912 election, who did the Socialists wish to nominate?
Eugene Debs, former union leader
What did the Republicans split cause?
Split among Republicans opened door for Democrats, Wilson won
Who was Woodrow Wilson?
WW was idealist, moralist, Princeton Univ. professor and president.
What act did Wilson pass concerning the Tariff?
Underwood Tariff Act, 1913.
Reduced tariff and implemented federal income tax (for the rich)
What act did Wilson pass concerning national banking?
Federal Reserve Act, 1913.
National banking system, Fed. Reserve Board, 12 regional banks, bank for banks
Regulate money supply, interest rates.
What act did Wilson pass concerning trusts?
Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914.
Outlawed “unfair competition,” interlocking directorates (Same CEO runs ‘competing’ companies)
What commission did Wilson create?
Federal Trade Commission, to investigate when companies break rules
What was Wilson’s major flaw?
WW was anti-Black, had abysmal civil rights record.
Segregated federal government jobs
What is pragmatism?
Who published a book on it?
A philosophy about knowing what is doable, not dreaming, US contribution to philosophy, a results oriented philosophy
William James wrote book called “Pragmatism”
What did Theodore Roosevelt want America to do?
Specifically?
What was his “motto”?
America must act like world power, create and maintain order.
U.S. domination of western hemisphere
“Speak softly and carry a big stick.”
What did Theodore Roosevelt support?
What occurred when a treaty was created?
So what did the US do?
How did this end?
TR supported a Central American Canal.
Treaty rejected by Colombian Senate.
U.S. encouraged Panamanian “revolution.”
U.S. control of canal zone, 1903.
What was the Venezuela Crisis?
What did this event cause?
What did this mean?
Europe invaded western hemisphere to deal with Venezuelan debt
Roosevelt Corollary, 1904.
U.S. will intervene in Latin America to maintain order, keep Europe out.
U.S. became policeman of the western hemisphere.
What was Taft’s method called?
How was it compared to Roosevelt?
What did he promote?
What was the goal?
What did his method require?
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
Taft was less aggressive.
He promoted financial and business interests abroad.
Goal: bring peace and stability through trade relations.
Dollar diplomacy required military support.
What was Woodrow Wilson’s method called?
What did Woodrow Wilson advocate for?
What did he support (4)?
What did he end up doing?
Where was his main challenge?
Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy
WW advocated a missionary foreign policy.
Supported justice, human rights, national integrity, and democracy.
Wilson used military force to protect American interests.
Intervened more than Roosevelt or Taft.
Moral diplomacy faced challenges in Mexico.
What did Wilson want to do with the Mexican revolution?
What did the Navy do under Wilson’s orders?
Who attacked the US on US land?
What followed this?
How did this end?
Wilson wanted to guide Mexican revolution.
The Navy seized port city Vera Cruz, in defiance of the Huerta regime, lost and briefly strengthened his rule
Pancho Villa attacked Columbus, NM.
The Punitive Expedition: General Pershing pursued Pancho Villa across Northern Mexico, 1916-1917.
Without finding Villa, and leaving a Legacy of distrust in Mexico.
What laid the foundation for the start of World War One (3)?
How did Germany further this?
What did this result in?
Nationalism, imperialism, escalating arms race.
Germany’s push toward world power.
Precarious balance of power.
What were the two alliances, for WWI?
Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria, Italy) v. Triple Entende (Britain, France Russia).
What state was especially unstable, before WWI?
Instability of Austria-Hungary.
