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Med Micro Exam 2 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Incidence

A

new cases of a disease occurring during a period

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2
Q

Define Prevalence

A

total number of cases of a disease occurring in a population at a given time

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3
Q

Define Sporadic disease

A

occurs occasionally

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4
Q

Define Endemic disease

A

a disease is constantly present in the population

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5
Q

Define Epidemic disease

A

involves a large number of the population in a short period of time

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6
Q

Define Pandemic disease

A

When a disease involves a worldwide occurence

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7
Q

List 3 diseases that can be Latent

A

Herpes, Chicken Pox, Shingles

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8
Q

What are 3 emerging infectious diseases?

A

HIV, Lyme Disease, E. Coli

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9
Q

What is Bacteremia?

A

bacteria in the blood

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10
Q

What is septicemia?

A

bacteria that has multiplied in the blood

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11
Q

What is viremia?

A

the presence of viruses in blood

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12
Q

Differentiate between a primary and secondary infection.

A

a primary infection is an acute infection that causes initial illness while a secondary infection is one caused by an opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the body’s defense system.

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13
Q

Define Zoonoses.

A

Zoonoses are animal diseases that can transmit to humans. (ex. rabies, ringworm)

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14
Q

What are the 3 nonliving reservoirs for infection?

A

food, water, soil

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15
Q

Give an example of Direct, Indirect, and Droplet modes of transmission.

A 
Direct = Ringworm, Mono
Indirect = Syringes, Hospital supplies
Droplet = sneezing, coughing (can go 3-6 ft.)
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16
Q

What is hisoplamosis?

A

A fungi that lives in soil (remember back to the story Dr. Singh told about the soil at the graves in Hopkinsville)

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17
Q

List 3 Anthoropod Vectors.

A

ticks, mosquitos, flies

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18
Q

What are the portals of exit for pathogens?

A

feces, urine, coughing, sneezing, direct contact, urogenital tract, blood by biting insects

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19
Q

What are Nosocomial infections?

A

Hospital Acquired Infections

20
Q

List the 4 microorganisms found in the hospital?

A

Enterobacteria, Staphlococcus Aureus, Enterococcus, Pseudomones

21
Q

What is a compromised host?

A

a host whose resistance to infections is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns.

22
Q

List 4 ways you can control Nosocomial infections.

A

aseptic techniques, proper disinfection, change of gloves, epidemiologic monitoring.

23
Q

What is epidemiologic monitoring?

A

people who check to see if clean/aseptic techniques are being following in the hospital.

24
Q

Sickle cell anemia makes you resistant to what disease?

A

malaria

25
Q

What are some of the factors that predispose you to diseases?

A

genetic susceptibility, gender, climate, inadequate nutrition, age, chemotherapy, occupation

26
Q

List the 5 stages of disease.

A
  1. Incubation period (no signs or symptoms)
  2. Prodromal period (mild signs or symptoms)
  3. Period of illness
  4. Period of decline
  5. Period of convalescence
27
Q

What is Epidemiology?

A

the science that deals with when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in humans.

28
Q

Define pathology.

A

scientific study of disease; structural and functional changes associated with the disease.

29
Q

define etiology.

A

causing agent of disease.

30
Q

define pathogenesis

A

the mechanism or process by which disease develops

31
Q

define infection

A

colonization of microorganisms within the body (HIV)

32
Q

define disease

A

occurs when an infection results in any change from a state of health (AIDS)

33
Q

What is normal flora?

A

microorganisms that normally reside at a given site and don’t cause disease. (ex. E. Coli Lactobacilli in intestines)

34
Q

What is Symbiosis?

A

when the host and parasite can live together.

35
Q

What is mutualism?

A

a part of the host-parasite relationship in which both benefit. (ex. E. coli produces vitamins B and K)

36
Q

What is microbial antagonism?

A

microorganisms which enable one microorganism to kill, injure, or inhibit the growth of a different microorganism. (ex. Bact. Lactobacillus keeps pH low and acidic which protects from yeast infection)

37
Q

What is Commensalism?

A

When the parasite benefits but the host is unaffected, such as with Enteric Bacteria.

38
Q

What is Parasitism?

A

parasite benefits at the cost of the host; pathogenic organism.

39
Q

What is the most common bacteria in the intestines?

A

E. Coli

40
Q

What is the point of performing Koch’s Postulates?

A

to prove association between microorganism and the disease it causes.

41
Q

List Koch’s Postulates.

A
  1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
  2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in a pure culture.
  3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy host.
  4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.
42
Q

What is the difference between signs and symptoms?

A

Signs are objective (can be seen or measured), symptoms are subjective (felt by pt).

43
Q

What are communicable diseases? Give 2 examples.

A

diseases that spread from one host to another directly or indirectly. examples include chicken pox and herpes.

44
Q

What is a contagious disease? Give 2 examples.

A

Easily spread from person to person.

Chicken pox and influenza virus.

45
Q

What is a noncommunicable disease? Give 2 examples.

A

Can’t be spread from person to person. Tetanus (clostridium tetani), Scarlet fever (pyogenes)

Med Micro Exam 2 (8 decks)

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