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my pathology 1 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Define Neoplasia

A

Process of tumor formation

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2
Q

Define Neoplasm

A

“New growth” Cells originally derived from normal tissues have undergone heritable genetic changes. Unresponsive to normal growth controls and expand beyond normal boundaries

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3
Q

Define Oncology

A

Study of tumors

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4
Q

What are the 2 components of a neoplasm?

A
  • Parenchymal - Stroma
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5
Q

What is the Stroma made up from?

A

Connective tissue AND blood vessels

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6
Q

What is desmoplasia?

A

Formation & development of collagen-rich fibrous connective tissue stroma

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7
Q

Define Hyperplasia

A

Proliferation of cells

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8
Q

Define Metaplasia

A

When one adult cell type is changed to another.

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9
Q

Define Dysplasia

A

Proliferation of cells and change in morphology of those cells

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10
Q

If you see hyperplasia, does it mean a tumor will develop?

A

No, just monitor the tumor. As it has potential to grow.

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11
Q

Does Atypical Hyperplasia have a good prognosis?

A

Yes, but you would want to remove it asap because you do not want the growth to progress

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12
Q

What kind of prognosis does Carcinoma In Situ have?

A

Good prognosis. It hasn’t infiltrated the basement membrane yet.

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13
Q

Define Carcinoma in Situ

A

Malignant in organ, but is confined w/in the basement membrane

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14
Q

Invasive is when the growth has penetrated the _______ ________.

A

Cell membrane

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15
Q

Give an example of metaplasia:

A

Smokers - lose function of their mucociliary escalator and cells are replaced with squamous cells.

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16
Q

Metaplasia: reversible change OR irreversible change?

A

REVERSIBLE change

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17
Q

Often epithelium changes to _______ epithelium.

A

Squamous

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18
Q

Epithelium changes to squamous epithelium in p with ___________ and p who ________.

A
  • Vit. A deficiency - Smoke
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19
Q

Dysplasia aka

A

Carcinoma in situ

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20
Q

In Dysplasia/carcinoma in situ:

A
  • Entire epithelium is replaced by Dysplasia cells - Still have basement membrane intact - No orderly differentiation of squamous cells
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21
Q

There are different classifications of tumors.

A
  • Mesenchymal tumors - Epithelial tumors - Undifferentiated tumors - Mixed tumors
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22
Q

Mesenchymal tumor orgin is….

A

Mesoderm orgin

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23
Q

Benign mesenchymal tumor suffix:

A

“oma”

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24
Q

Malignant mesenchymal tumor suffix:

A

“sarcoma”

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25
Q

Is a lymphoma malignant or benign?

A

MALIGNANT!

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26
Q

Epithelial tumor orgin is…

A

endoderm / ectoderm orgin

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27
Q

Benign epithelial tumor:

A
  • Papilloma - Polyp
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28
Q

Papilloma

A

Growth from an epithelial surface

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29
Q

Polyp

A

Projects from mucosal surface

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30
Q

Nomenclature: Benign bone tumor

A

Osteoma

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31
Q

Nomenclature: Malignant bone tumor

A

Osteosarcoma

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32
Q

Malignant epithelial tumor:

A

Carcinoma

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33
Q

Explain the nomenclature on malignant epithelial tumors

A

Add organ of orgin Does it arise from glandular structures? Does it induce desmoplasia? Does it produce mucin?

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34
Q

Example of a malignant epithelial tumor that arises from glandular structures:

A

Adenocarcinoma— it is a glandular structure that could be releasing hormones

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35
Q

Is Carcinoma in situ Malignant?

A

YES! Just hasn’t broken through basement membrane yet

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36
Q

What is an adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumor of the thyroid

37
Q

Are most Undifferentiated Tumors benign or malignant?

A

MALIGNANT

38
Q

___________ tumors: have become so different from the cell of orgin, you are unable to tell what the orgin is. Prognosis is poor.

A

UNDIFFERENTIATED TUMOR

39
Q

Mixed Tumors:

A

Multiple cell types derived from a single or multiple germ cell layers

40
Q

The following are examples of ________ Tumors: - Mammary tumors in dogs - Teratomas - Nephroblastomas

A

MIXED TUMORS

41
Q

Mixed mammary tumors in dogs can either benign or malignant. T or F?

A

TRUE. > 50% are benign

42
Q

Teratomas:

A
  • Totipotent germ cells - Have tissues from all embryonic cell layers - Teeth / hair / bone etc can be found in tumor
43
Q

Teratomas are most frequently found in what organ of what species?

A

Testicles of HORSES

44
Q

To find out if a tumor is benign or malignant, what do you need to do?

A

Histology

45
Q

4 things that you need to consider when differentiating benign and malignant

A
  • differentiation / anaplasia - rate of growth - local invasion - presence of metastasis
46
Q

What is meant by differentiation / anaplasia?

A

The extent that it resembles the normal parenchymal cells

47
Q

Benign tumor will have _____ differentiated cells

A

WELL differentiated cells

48
Q

Malignant tumor will have ______ differentiated cells

A

Can have well differentiated OR completely undifferentiated cells

49
Q

Anaplasia is characterized by:

A
  • pleomorphism (not uniform shape) - abnormal nuclear morphology - high mitosis rate - loss of polarity
50
Q

Is Anaplasia a hallmark characteristic of malignancy?

A

NO!

51
Q

Growth rate correlates with…

A

Level of differentiation

52
Q

A malignant tumor grows ______ than a benign tumor.

A

FASTER

53
Q

A bending tumor grows _____ than a malignant tumor.

A

SLOWER

54
Q
  • Rate of cell proliferation & - Rate of programmed cell death (apoptosis)
A

Are the main mechanisms of Growth Rate

55
Q

Many neoplasms arise because of alterations in the necrosis pathway. T or F?

A

FALSE! Neoplasms arise b/c or alterations in the APOPTOTIC pathway!!

56
Q

Does local invasion look well demarcated?

A

In a malignant tumor, demarcations will be hard to see.

57
Q

Malignant tumors are infiltrative and invade & destroy surrounding tissue. What kind of pattern is this?

A

CRAB LIKE

58
Q

Crab like pattern =

A

CANCER / Malignant

59
Q

Cancer cells characterized by autonomous behavior and unchecked proliferation. This means…

A

They no longer respond to their environment

60
Q

Metastases are tumor implants discontinues with the ___________ tumor.

A

Primary tumor

61
Q

What is the HALL MARK OF MELIGNANCY??

A

Presence / Absence of Metastasis

62
Q

The more aggressive and more rapidly a tumor grows and the larger it is, it is more likely to ……..

A

metastasize

63
Q

Are mammary carcinomas (malignant) more common in CATS or DOGS?

A

CATS

64
Q

Pedunculated peritoneal lipomas: Malignant or benign?

A

BENIGN — just a tumor of fat

65
Q

Why do we care about pedunculated peritoneal lipomas?

A

B/c they can become very large and twist. And as a result of decreased perfusion = NECROSIS HORSES!!!!

66
Q

What are the different pathways of spread?

A
  • Transcoelomic spread - Lymphatic spread - Hematogenous spread
67
Q

Transcoelomic spread:

A

Seeding of body cavities and surfaces

68
Q

Lymphatic spread:

A

First metastasize @ lymphatic, then into systemic circulation

69
Q

Hematogenous spread:

A

Blood.

70
Q

Primary CARCINOMAS spread via…

A

LYMPHATICS

71
Q

Primary SARCOMAS spread via…

A

HEMATOGENOUS

72
Q

Metastatic Cascade:

A

1- loss of caderhin & catenin function 2- interim & other receptors bind to ECM components 3- degradation of BM and ECM (increase protease activity) 4- migration

73
Q

What is the first step of the metastatic cascade?

A

loss of caderhin & catenin function

74
Q

Tumor heterogeneity

A

Generated during the growth of the tumor > accumulation of the heritable changes in tumor cells

75
Q

Generation of subclones:

A

Tumor heterogeneity

76
Q

What is this called?

A

Dysplasia

aka

Carcinoma in situ

77
Q

Is this tumor benign or malignant?

A

BENIGN

78
Q

What is this?

What species is it commonin?

How does it spread?

A

Gastric Carcinoma

Horses

Transcoelomic > peritoneal carcinoma

79
Q

What is this and how does it spread?

A

Hepatocellular carcinomas metastasis via

transcoelomic spreading

80
Q

Is this benign or malignant?

A

MALIGNANT

81
Q

What is this showing?

What species is this most common in?

How does it spread?

A

Mammary Carcinoma in a cat

Spreads via lymphatics

82
Q

Since this is nodular looking….Is this a neoplasm or inflammation?

A

Neoplasm: meningioma

there is no exudate present, defined solid lesion

83
Q

What is this showing?

A

Metaplasia

84
Q

What is this?

How does it spread?

A

Metastatic mammary carcimona

Spread via lymphatics

85
Q

Kidney from a pig. What is the most likely tumor it

could be?

Tissue of origin?

Benign or malignant?

Also seen in thoracolumbar junction of the spinal

cord in what species?

A

Nephroblastoma

Renal Orgin / metanephric blastoma

benign

German Shepherds

86
Q

What is this?

Can it cause necrosis?

A

Pedunculated peritoneal lipomas

yes - is twists mesentary

87
Q

What are these?

Where are they most commonly seen?

A

Teratomas

Equine testicles

88
Q
A

my pathology 1 (4 decks)

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