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My Pathology 1 > Circulatory > Flashcards

Circulatory Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

ARREST BLEEDING by physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation OR by surgery

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2
Q

Homeostasis is normally _________ and _________.

A

Antithrombotic & Profibrinolytic

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3
Q

What are the 2 things endothelium release?

A
  • NO (vasodilator) - Endothelin (vasoconstrictor)
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4
Q

Define EDEMA

A

It is excess extracellular water (interstitial space/body cavities)

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5
Q

Name the 4 causes of edema:

A
  • Increased blood hydrostatic pressure - Decreased plasma oncotic pressure - Lymphatic obstruction - Increased vascular permeability
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6
Q

______ and ______ are 2 ways you can increase blood hydrostatic pressure.

A
  • generalized (CHF) - localized
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7
Q

How can there be decreased plasma oncotic pressure?

A

Proteins are not absorbed from diet Proteins may not be produced Or the may be protein loss

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8
Q

How can there be increased vascular permeability?

A

INLAMMATION

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9
Q

Inflammatory Edema:

A

EXUDATE -protein rich -high specific gravity

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10
Q

Non-Inflammatory Edema:

A

TRANSUDATE -protein poor -low specific gravity

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11
Q

On gross exam, tissue is wet, gelatinous/heavy, swollen organs, and may be yellow in color. This reprints…

A

EDEMA

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12
Q

What is the histological appearance of edema?

A
  • Clear staining (non-inflam) - Pale eosinophilic (inflam) - Spaces distended - Blood vessels filled with RBC - Lymphatic are dilated - Collagen separated
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13
Q

Define: Pitting Edema

A

Pressure applied to an area of edema and a depression remains once you take pressure away from the area

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14
Q

Define: Hydrothorax

A

Fluid in the thoracic cavity

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15
Q

Define: Ascites/Hydroperitoneum

A

Fluid (transudate) in the peritoneal cavity

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16
Q

Define: Anascara

A

Generalized edema in SQ tissues

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17
Q

Define: Submandibular Edema

A

“Bottle Jaw” - related to parasites which cause hypoproteinemia

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18
Q

__________: is defined as transudate fluid in the pericardial sac

A

Hydropericardium

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19
Q

Describe Hydropericardium

A

NON INFLAMMATORY Fluid is clear/watery Transudate

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20
Q

__________: is defined as educate fluid in pericardial sac

A

Pericardial Effusion

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21
Q

Describe Pericardial Effusion

A

INFLAMMATORY Fluid is cloudy with strands of fibrin Educate **THINK MULBERRY DISEASE

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22
Q

Where is pulmonary edema located?

A

The lungs

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23
Q

If there is pulmonary edema cause by a circulatory failure (CHF), is it inflammatory OR non-inflammatory?

A

Non-Inflammatory

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24
Q

If there is pulmonary edema caused by pneumonia, is it inflammatory or non-inflammatory?

A

Inflammatory

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25
Q

ARDS stands for…

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

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26
Q

What kind of edema will you see with ARDS?

A

Pulmonary Edema > Inflammatory > Pneumonia

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27
Q

Chronic pulmonary edema is associated with…

A

Left-sided heart failure

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28
Q

What does chronic pulmonary edema do?

A

Thickens alveolar walls -Congestion > accumulation of heart failure cells

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29
Q

What are Heart Failure Cells?

A

Macrophages in the alveoli

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30
Q

What type of stain will you use to see Heart Failure Cells?

A

Iron Perl Stain

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31
Q

Iron Perl Stain does what?

A

It stains hemosiderin, which are in the HFC that have been eating the backed up blood

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32
Q

What condition do you expect to see a lot of heart failure cells with?

A

LEFT SIDED HEART FAILURE

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33
Q

Define: Hyperemia

A

Increase of blood in the arterioles

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34
Q

Give examples of Physiological Hyperemia

A

Digestion, exercise, dissipate heat, neuromuscular (blushing)

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35
Q

Give examples of Pathological Hyperemia

A

Normally caused by inflammation and can be associated with edema

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36
Q

Define: Congestion

A

Increase of blood in the venules

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37
Q

What are the 2 types of congestion?

A

Localized and Generalized

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38
Q

Give an example of localized congestion:

A

Obstruction

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39
Q

Give an example of generalized congestion:

A

Systemic changes

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40
Q

Congestion color:

A

Blue - non-oxygenated

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41
Q

Hypermedia color:

A

Red - oxygenated

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42
Q

What is Hemorrhage?

A

Escape of blood from the blood vessels. Internal AND External.

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43
Q

Give examples of Internal and External hemorrhage:

A

Internal= Bleeding that we might not see External= We can see the blood leaving the body

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44
Q

-Trauma - Sepsis, viremia, bacteremia, toxins - Abdominal neoplasia > Hydroperitoneum - Coagulation abnormalities ALL CASUE:

A

Hemorrhage

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45
Q

Hemorrhage is determined by location and severity. T or F?

A

TRUE

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46
Q

Hemorrhage in the brain or heart is…

A

Fatal

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47
Q

Hemopericardium (blood in pericardial sac) results in…

A

Fatal cardiac tamponade

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48
Q

How is hemorrhage different from hyperemia/congestion?

A

Hemorrhage is OUTSIDE the vessel walls Hyperemia/Congestion is INSIDE the vessel walls

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49
Q

What is Hemorrhage by Rhexis?

A

A vessel bursts (b/c of a tear in the vascular wall)

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50
Q

Dissecting Aneurysm is a result of…

A

Copper Deficiency

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51
Q

Hemorrhage by Diapedesis>

A

Due to a small defect in the vessel wall. -congestion & inflammation

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52
Q

Hemorrhage by Diathesis>

A

Due to increased hemorrhages from INsignificant injuries -such as a clotting disorder

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53
Q

Blood in the thoracic cavity is called…

A

Hemothorax

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54
Q

Blood in the peritoneal cavity is called…

A

Hemoperitoneum

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55
Q

Blood in a joint space is called…

A

Hemarthrosis

56
Q

Coughing up blood is called…

A

Hemoptysis

57
Q

Bleeding from the nose is called…

A

Epitaxis

58
Q

Petechia is a type of hemorrhage, what size is it?

A

1-2mm

59
Q

Ecchymosis is a type of hemorrhage, what size is it?

A

1-2cm

60
Q

Classify Suffusive Hemorrhage:

A

Larger and continuous

61
Q

Describe Paint-Brush Hemorrhage:

A

Looks liked it was “painted” on tissue

62
Q

What kind of hemorrhage is normal/usual to see in a cow that was slaughtered at a slaughter house?

A

Agonal Hemorrhage

63
Q

Define Agonal Hemorrhage:

A

Petechiae & ecchymoses in the heart associated with terminal hypoxia. Usually seen in cows from slaughter houses.

64
Q

What is the organization of a hematoma?

A

Fibrin + RBCs surrounded by vascular connective tissue. macrophages will phagocytize. Hemoglobin > Bilirubin > Hemosiderin

65
Q

____________: Arrest of bleeding by physiological or surgical means. This is a normal response to prevent blood loss.

A

Hemostasis

66
Q

What is the pathological form of Hemostasis?

A

THROMBOSIS

67
Q

Define Thrombosis:

A

Inappropriate activation of the normal hemostatic process

68
Q

What are the components of THROMBOSIS?

A
  • Vascular Wall (endothelium) - Platelets - Coagulation
69
Q

What happens in NORMAL hemostasis?

A

Immediately after injury, VASOCONSTRICTION occurs. This is done by secretion of endothelin. This does not last though, we nee something else or injury will continue to bleed

70
Q

Tissue Injury > ____________ > ______________

A

Tissue Injury > Primary hemostasis Platelet Plug Formation > Secondary hemestasis Fibrin Plug Formation

71
Q

What happens in Primary Hemostasis?

A
  • Endothelial injury exposes collagen - Activation of platelets -Recruitment of additional platelets forms the hemostatic/platelet plug
72
Q

Describe when a endothelial injury exposes collagen…

A

Platelets adhere to collagen. Gplb on platelet will bind to vWE > and becomes activated

73
Q

Describe when platelets become activated…

A

Platelets are activated and undergo shape change. They flatten to increase their surface area. They also release secretory granules that further platelet aggregation

74
Q

Secondary Hemostasis is composed of ________ & _________.

A
  • Tissue Factor - Thrombin
75
Q

Describe Tissue Factor:

A
  • Exposed at the site of injury - Acts with factor VII to activate the coagulation cascade - Results in activating THROMBIN
76
Q

What is the result of Tissue Factor?

A

ACTIVATION OF THROMBIN!

77
Q

Describe Thrombin:

A
  • Cleaves circulation fibrinogen to fibrin - Fibrin meshwork is formed secondary to the hemostatic plug - Polymierized fibrin + platelet aggregates = permanent plug
78
Q

What makes the permanent plug in secondary hemostasis?

A

Polymerized fibrin and aggregation of platelets

79
Q

For the coagulation cascade, know…

A

We need the tissue factor (thromboplastin) to get thrombin

80
Q

What are 2 things that will help to ensure the hemostatic plug/clot won’t spread and is only at the site w/ injury?

A
  • Tissue plasminogen factor - Thrombomodulin
81
Q

_________ cells determine whether thrombus formation, propagation, or dissolution occurs.

A

Endothelial cells

82
Q

Anticoagulants:

A

Prevent clots from forming

83
Q

What are 4 examples of anticoagulants?

A

Prostacyclin, NO, Tissue Plasminogen Factor, Thrombomodulin

84
Q

Procoagulants:

A

Promote clot formation

85
Q

What are 3 examples of procoagulants?

A

Thromboplastin, Platelet Activating Factor, Von Willebrand Factor

86
Q

What does THROMBIN do?

A

Converts fibrinogen to FIBRIN

87
Q

Coagulation cascade factors are produced by the ________.

A

LIVER

88
Q

If you have a p with liver disease, what do you expect to see?

A

You will see a decrease in these coagulation cascade factors, resulting in increased bleeding if p is cut or starts to bleed. There will be less factors to help out with forming a clot to stop the bleeding.

89
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

Its an aggregation of platelets, fibrin, and blood cells.

90
Q

Thrombus adhere to…

A

Vessel walls

91
Q

Is thrombosis physiological OR pathological?

A

PATHOLOGICAL

92
Q

What is the Virchow Triad?

A

Its combines the Endothelial injury, with abnormal blood flow AND Hypercoagulability

93
Q

When do we see pulmonary thrombosis?

A

When we have glomelular disease. It can’t filter what’s going through. Antithrombin 3 is being lost so the p becomes more prone to having this.

94
Q

What is Verminous Thrombosis?

A

A thrombus forming in the cranial mesenteric artery. Caused by STRONGYLUS VULGARIS

95
Q

Where is saddle thrombus located?

A

Trifurcation of the abdominal aorta

96
Q

What species do we see saddle thrombus in?

A

CATS, is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

97
Q

The outcome of thrombi:

A
  • Lysis - Propagation - Embolization - Organization / Recanalization
98
Q

What is the most dangerous outcome of thrombi?

A

Embolism, it can occur in arteries OR veins. It can be liquid, solid, or gas.

99
Q

Define embolism:

A

Piece of thrombus that breaks off from original mass and gets lodged at distant sites.

100
Q

Bacterial Valvular Endocarditis occurs in…

A

CATTLE, Right AV valve Can result in septic embolism that lodges in pulmonary arteries

101
Q

Thrombosis meningioencephalits

A

Histophilus somni infection Vasculitis and Thrombosis CIRCULAR LESIONS ON BRAIN

102
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is…

A

The generalized activation of the blood coagulation system. MANY etiologies lead to DIC.

103
Q

DIC results in:

A

Consumption of platelets, and fibrin, and coagulation factors.

104
Q

Regarding DIC: During activation you may see increase in proteins, but afterwards you will see a decrease in proteins. T or F?

A

TRUE

105
Q

What is an infarction?

A

Localized area of ischemic necrosis Occlusion of arterial supply or venous drainage

106
Q

Define Venous Infarction:

A

Intense hemorrhagic / blood backing up Usually seen in intestinal volvulus

107
Q

Define Arterial Infarction:

A

Initially hemorrhagic but becomes pale in color. It is coagulative necrosis. Usually seen in Kinsey Infarcts *blood can’t get to the organ

108
Q

Shock can be characterized but a reduction in tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery. T or F?

A

TRUE

109
Q

Cardiogenic Shock >

A

Failure to maintain Cardiac Output

110
Q

Hypovolemic Shock >

A

Fluid Loss

111
Q

Blood Maldistribution >

A

Decreased resistance, pooling of blood in peripheral tissues. Examples: anaphylactic, neurologuic (loss of vascular tone), and septic

112
Q

Petechiae and ecchymoses associated with terminal

hypoxia. Commonly found in bovies at slaughter.

What kind of hemorrhage is this?

A

Agonal Hemorrhage

113
Q

Can result in septic embolism

that lodges in pulmonary

arteries.

Right AV valve

Happens in bovine

A

Bacterial valvular endocarditis

114
Q

Congestion or Hyperemia?

A

Congestion

115
Q

What type of hemorrhage is this?

A

Eccymosis

116
Q

Which one is inflammatory edema and which one is non infalmmatory edema?

A
117
Q

Describe this tissue

A
  • Wet

. Gelatinous/ heavy

. Swollen organs

. May be yellow

118
Q

What is this called?

A

Nose bleed

aka

Epitaxis

119
Q

What are the darkened areas on the lungs?

A

Heart Failure Cells

Caused by left-sided congestive heart failure

Leads to pulmonary edema and congetsion

120
Q

What is this called?

A

Blood in joint

aka

hemarthrosis

121
Q

What is this called?

A

Bleeding from the mouth

aka

hemoptysis

122
Q

What kind of hemorrhage is this and what causes it?

A

Hemorrhage by rhexis

caused by copper deficiency

123
Q

What is this classified as?

A

Hyperemia

124
Q

What is this?

A

Intestinal volvulous

125
Q

What kind of stain is this?

What is it showing?

A

Iron Perl Stain

Showing ups heart failure cells that have phagocytozed RBS. Hemosiderin is reacting with the stain causeing it to look light blue with in the heart failure cells

126
Q

What is this?

A

Kindey infarct

127
Q

What is this called?

What causes it?

A

Nutmeg Liver

Right sided heart failure causes this

Chronic hepatic congestion

128
Q

What type of hemorrhage is this?

A

Paint brushed hemorrhage

129
Q

What is this called?

Is it inflammatory or non-inflammatory?

A

Pericardial effusion

aka

Mulberry Heart Diease

Inflammatory — fluid looks to be exudate rather than transudate

130
Q

What kind of hemorrhage is this?

A

Petechia

131
Q

What kind of hemorrhage is this?

A

Petechia

132
Q

This is pulmonary thrombosis.

When do we see this condition?

A

when there is a glomelular disease, it can’t filter/regulate whats going through. antithrombin 3 is being lost, so p is more prone . here in pulmonary artery

133
Q

What is this called? What species do we see it in most frequently?

A

Saddle Thrombus

Cats

134
Q

What is this?

A

Spinal cord infarct

135
Q

What type of hemorrhage is this?

A

Suffisive hemorrhage

136
Q

What is this?

What causes it?

A

Thrombotic meningioencephalits

Caused by Histophilus somni infection

137
Q

What is this?

What parasite causes this in horses?

A

Verminous Thrombosis

Strongyloides vulgaris

My Pathology 1 (4 decks)

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