Midterm Flashcards
Which of the following would be characteristic of treatment provided by the first mental hospitals or sanatoria used by the romans and greeks?
- The use of trephining and other biological approaches
- Psychodynamic therapy
- Exorcisms
- Warm baths and massages
Warm baths and massage
The fact that episodes of mass madness peaked at the time of the Black Death illustrates that (page 34, 35)
- Mass hysteria usually has a biological basis
- Mental and physical illnesses commonly occur together
- Phenomena that impact the society and its structure may also affect mental health.
- Mental illnesses really are caused by imbalances in the four bodily humors.
Phenomena that impact the society and its structure may also affect mental health.
During the middle ages in Europe, which of the following was most likely to treat mental illness (page 35)
- A priest
- A physician
- A scientist
- A surgeon
A priest
In the United States an early treatment involved the belief that (page 37, 38)
- Patients needed to choose rationality over insanity and treatments were designed to intimidate patients into choosing correctly.
- Patients were demonically possessed and needed to be made uncomfortable to get the demons to leave.
- Patients were medically ill and needed physiological treatment.
- Patients were basically animals and needed to be treated as such.
Patients needed to choose rationality over insanity and treatments were designed to intimidate patients into choosing correctly.
Phillip Pinel: (page 38)
- Believed that mental illness was due to possession by demons and exorcism was the only useful treatment.
- Believed that mental patients needed to choose rationality over insanity, so treatment was aimed at making their lives as patients uncomfortable.
- Believed that mental patients were ill and needed to be treated as such-with kindness and caring.
- Believed that mental illness was purely physiological phenomena, and cold only be treated by physical means such as bloodletting.
Believed that mental patients were ill and needed to be treated as such-with kindness and caring.
The humanistic perspective focuses primarily upon the capacity of the individual to (page 79).
- Confront the dilemmas of our deaths
- Be driven by unconscious motives
- Rationally explain our behavior
- Engage in positive self growth
Engage in positive self growth
A diathesis can best be described as a (page 60)
- Proximal necessary cause
- Sufficient cause
- Contributory cause
- Proximal necessary cause
Contributory cause
The additive model of the diathesis stress theory proposes that (page 60)
- People with a very high level of a diathesis may need a very large amount of stress to develop the disorder.
- People with a very high level of a diathesis may need only a small amount of stress to develop the disorder.
- Someone with no diathesis will never develop the disorder.
- Someone with no genes for the disorder will never develop the disorder.
People with a very high level of a diathesis may need only a small amount of stress to develop the disorder.
The site of communication between two neurons is (page 65)
- Synapse
- Neurotransmitter
- Nucleus
- Vesicle
The Synapse
Brett persistently injects himself with pain killers. This has greatly increased his chances of overdosing and dying. His behavior harms no one else. According to the DSM, is Brett’s behavior consistent with the definition of a mental disorder?
- Yes, because very few people in society engage in this behavior.
- Yes, because he is persistently acting in a way that harms him.
- No because his behavior must also harm the well-being of others in the community
- No, because there is no evidence that his actions are out of his control.
Yes, because he is persistently acting in a way that harms him.
The current DSM is
- Atheoretical
- Focused upon etiology
- Focused upon theory
- Not generally accepted by practitioners.
Atheoretical
When you read through the DSM you will take note that the DSM is not attempting to determine the cause or etiology of a disorder. Moreover, the DSM does not address theories as to why a disorder occurs. Finally, the DSM is generally accepted by practitioners.
The trend toward deinstitutionalization in recent years means that
- Inpatient hospitalizations in public institutions have increased.
- People with psychological problems more often receive inpatient treatment than outpatient treatment
- People are hospitalized more briefly and then treated on an outpatient basis
- The number of community services has skyrocketed.
People are hospitalized more briefly and then treated on an outpatient basis
Unlike the medical practitioner, the mental health professional’s assessment process
- Must be completed prior to beginning treatment
- Rarely has “lab work” that can confirm an initial impression.
- Rarely includes a complex process where many contributing factors must be investigated.
- Usually involves a rapid conclusion about how to explain and treat the client’s complaint.
Rarely has “lab work” that can confirm an initial impression
Clyde is unmarried and has few friends. Why is he at greater risk for developing coronary heart disease?
- He is unlikely to seek help if he notices problems
- Social isolation has been associated with increased risk of the disease
- He has no knowledge of his problems
- He is socially awkward and thus has increased risk for the disease.
Social isolation has been associated with increased risk of the disease.
Casey and Josh have both been bitten by strange dogs. Casey has a dog of his own at home that he loves. Josh has little experience with dogs. Which is likely to develop a phobia?
- Both boys are likely to develop a phobia because of the traumatic nature of the event.
- Casey is more likely to develop a phobia because his schema of dogs has been violated.
- Casey is less likely to develop a phobia because he has had lots of earlier positive experiences with dogs.
- It will depend on which boy is more sensitive to pain.
Casey is less likely to develop a phobia because he has had lots of earlier positive experiences with dogs.
What is a psychological disorder?
A psychological disorder is a psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.
What is a psychological dysfunction?
A psychological dysfunction refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
psychological dysfunction does not meet the criteria for a psychological disorder.
problems are often considered to be on a continuum or as a dimension, rather than as categories that are either present or absent. This is why simply having a psychological dysfunction does not meet the criteria for a psychological disorder.
What is personal distress?
- personal distress must be a factor. The criterion of distress is satisfied if the person is extremely upset.
- It is normal and common to be distressed and upset
mania, suffering and distress are absent
Atypical or not culturally expected
- This is important but also insufficient to determined abnormality. At times something is considered abnormal because it occurs infrequently; it deviates from the average. The greater the deviation , the more abnormal it is.
- Many people are far from the average in their behavior or appearance, but few would be considered disordered. We might even call them talented, gifted, or unique.
- The degree to which we will tolerate the atypical, eccentric and unusual generally depends on how successful we feel the strange person is.
Jerome Wakefield (1992) uses the term “harmful dysfunction
Jerome Wakefield (1992) uses the term “harmful dysfunction to refer to atypical behavior that is part of a disorder.
What are the three historical and contemporary views on the cause of abnormal behavior? [Etiology or causes of Psychopathology]
*The Supernatural Model
suggests things outside of us, such as demons, witches, the moon and the stars cause abnormal behavior.
- The Biological Model
suggests things within us cause abnormal behavior. - The Psychological Model
suggests that environmental causality (outside) work with biological causality (internal) to produce abnormal behavior. Therapy is used as treatment.
What is the Supernatural Model? (causes)
- Demons, witches, spirits magnetic fields, the moon or the starts are the driving forces behind the supernatural model.
- Shaving crosses on people
- Tying people to the church to
- Hear mass
- A mixture of humane and inhuman
Treatments.
What is the Supernatural Model treatments for psychological disorders?
- Exorcisms: treated by driving out demons
- European and American witch trials: Mentally ill persecuted or even killed.
- The Body was made too uncomfortable for demons. Drownings and ice baths.
- Bloodletting to bleed out demons.
- Mentally ill were hassled by demons: Treatment was rest, baths, ointments, healthy and happy environments.
- Dangling people above snake pits
The Biological Model
- Psychological disorders are the result of brain pathology or head trauma and even genetics.
- The biological model suggests things within us cause abnormal behavior.
The Biological Model [Hippocrates]?
- Hippocrates: Greek Father of Modern Medicine
- Hippocrates and Galen believed that body fluids or humors lead to disorders.
1. Blood-heart; 2. black bile-the spleen; 3. phlegm-the brain; 4. choler or yellow bile-liver.
The Biological Model Treatment?
- Ancient treatment: bloodletting, vomiting, leeches
- Electric shock therapy: Electroconvulsive Therapy. Convulsions and memory loss but some relief from depression.
- Opium, herbs, medicinal substances were all used to treat biologically based brain disorders.
- SSRIs
In folk medicine, a baby referred to as “cholic” is one who cries frequently and seems to be constantly angry. This is an adaptation of “choleric,”
In folk medicine, a baby referred to as “cholic” is one who cries frequently and seems to be constantly angry. This is an adaptation of “choleric,”
(1950’s): Rauwolfia serpentine or reserpine led to first drugs called neuroleptics (major tranquilizers)
(1950’s): Rauwolfia serpentine or reserpine led to first drugs called neuroleptics (major tranquilizers)
- Following the use of resperine many drugs have been presented to deal with issues related to occurrences in the synaptic cleft, often referred to as the synaptic gap.
- Common names to many are the following: Stelazine, Haldol, Ativan, Xanax, Paxil, Zoloft, Prozac, Lexapro, Lithium, Wellbutrin,
Sanguine
Sanguine=warm, red with blood;
Melancholic
depressed from too much black bile from brain
phlegmatic
apathy, sluggishness from phlegm in spleen but also calm; choleric yellow bile from liver is hot tempered.
SSRI’s
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
- Serotonin is a neurotransmitter associated with sleep and mood. A “reuptake inhibitor” prohibits a pre-synaptic neuron from “sucking up” available serotonin at the level of the synapse. The more serotonin that remains available in the synapse, the more one is able to regulate mood.
The Psychological Model
- Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians
- Dynamic tensions rooted in biological substrata cause abnormal behavior
- Id, Ego and Superego ( Id=I want pleasure), (Superego=I want morality), (Ego=Let’s find reasonable compromise between pleasure and morality)
- Defense mechanisms develop to protect ego in battle between id and superego.
