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virology test 2 > treatment, prevention, control > Flashcards

treatment, prevention, control Flashcards

1
Q

antiviral drugs

A

interfere with the ability of a virus to infiltrate a target cell or target different stages of replication/synthesis of components required for replication of the virus

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2
Q

why are antiviral drugs on effective sometimes?

A

most viruses that interfere with virus replication are toxic to the cell and not many drugs interfere with replication without harming the infected host cell

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3
Q

treatment for viruses

A

antiviral drugs
immune system stimulation (IFNs)
synthesize antibodies or administer natural serum

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4
Q

antiviral chemotherapeutic drugs are not commonly used in vet practice because

A

high cost, virus specific (narrow spectrum)

yet, things may change since antiviral chemotherapy has been more successful in humans

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5
Q

mechanism of an antiviral drugs

A

can target any portion of virus life cycle

  • receptor binding
  • cell entry
  • uncoating
  • nucleic acid and protein synthesis
  • assembly
  • release
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6
Q

Acyclovir

A

a prodrug for treating herpes (humans, feline HPV-1 for corneal ulcers, and equine HPV-1 for encephalomyelitis)
interferes with virus replication

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7
Q

mechanism of Acyclovir

A

its a synthetic nucleoside analog of deoxyguanosine
acyclovir has 3 phosphates added to it (by TK, GMPK, NDPK) then two phosphates are cleaved and acyclovir monophosphate is added to the growing DNA viral chain because it is similar to guanine, yet DNA elongation stops because acyclovir monophosphate lacks the attachment point to continue
also acyclovir triphosphates compete directly with viral DNA polymerase

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8
Q

acyclovir facts

A
  • non toxic to uninfected cells

- resistance to the drug may occur because of mutations in kinases and in viral polymerase

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9
Q

amantadine

A

synthetic tricyclic amine
anti-viral and anti-parkinson drug
inhibits replication of influenza A by blocking uncoating of virus

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10
Q

amantadine mechanism of action

A

M2 channel protein that lets in the replicated virus is the target
the drug clogs the channel and prevent it from pumping protons into the virion-> virus replication is inhibited
-resistance may occur with change of amino acids of M2 protein

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11
Q

how amantadine blocks influenza A

A

pH change of endosomes resulting from M2 inhibition alter the conformation of hemmaglutinin, blocking viral assembly

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12
Q

neuraminidase inhibitors

A

treat influenza A and B viruses

  • tamiflu
  • Laninamivir
  • Zanamivir
  • Peramivir
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13
Q

neuraminidase

A

meant to cleave sialic acid receptors on cell, important for cell to cell spread of virus
-target for neuraminidase inhibitors, allowing the immune system to “catch up”

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14
Q

targets for anti-retroviral therapy

A
  • inhibit reverse transcriptase
  • inhibit protease
  • inhibit integrase
  • inhibit fusion
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15
Q

nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

A

AZT/ Zidovudine

analog of thymine-> resembles deoxyribonucleotide containing the base thymine

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16
Q

mechanism of AZT/ Zidovudine

A

the host cell kinases add 2 phosphates, it incorporates into CDNA and Viral RNA to it-> no further elongation occurs

  • AZT triphosphate competes with Reversre transcriptase
  • Zidovudine has an Azide instead of OH-> cannot elongate cDNA
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17
Q

AZT/ZDV facts

A

-selective activity on Reverse transcriptase and low mammalian toxicity occurs
-signs of toxicity include anemia and granulocytopenia
-considered a maintenance drug
does not eliminate the virus
-can reduce clinical signs in FIV positive cats

18
Q

gag polyprotein

A

polyprotein associated with HIV
HIV must have own proteases to cleave into functional protein units
will cleave by proteases binding to active site

19
Q

HIV protease inhibitors

A 
Saquinavir
Ritonavir
Indinavir
Nelfinavir
these will bind to the active site, preventing the proteases from binding here to cleave the gag polyprotein
20
Q

breaking the chain of infection at any point leads to

A 
control of the disease!
for new susceptible host->immunization treatment
for host reservoir-> neutralization
for ode of transmission-> interruption
for route/portal entry->protection
21
Q

Immunization-> vaccinations

A

where-endemic/enzootic areas
when-disease is in season or outbreak of non-endemic disease occurs
who-people at risk
why-because loss caused by disease is greater than cost of immunization

22
Q

good vaccine features

A 
safe to use
effective against diverse strains of same pathogen
few side effects
give long lasting protection
stable/long shelf life
easy to administer
inexpensive
benefit outweighs the risk
23
Q

live-attenuated vaccine

A

from naturally occurring viruses
originally introduced by Jenner (cowpox/smallpox)
sometimes when vaccinated for one disease, can protect for a genetically similar disease

24
Q

live-attenuated by serial passage

in cultured cells

A

most vaccines used today

repeated passage allows for –substitutions in genome which lead to attenuation

25
Q

live attenuated vaccine by serial passage in heterologous hosts

A

rinderpest and classical swine fever put in a rabbit and passaged to make attenuated virus

26
Q

live attenuated vaccine by selection of cold-adapted mutants

A

safer for intranasal administration to replicate easier, not in LRT with higher alveoli temps
-used for influenza

27
Q

non-replicating virus vaccines

A

inactivated whole virus
-made from virulent virus destroyed by chemical agent
-contain large amounts of antigen to induce immune response
-sometimes need adjuvants
native viral proteins
-virion solubilized and components released, include glycoprotein spikes of viral envelope
-centrifugation necessary

28
Q

vaccines produced by recombinant DNA and related technologies

A

-gene deletion or site-directed mutagenesis
-subunit (virus in yeast, mammal, insect, or plant cells)
-can even use harmless viruses as vectors
“DNA vaccines” utilize viral DNA

29
Q

DIVA

Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals

A

since antibody response is similar, vaccines must use markers or a small portion of the antigens so if only the subunit antibodies are detected-> the animal has not been infected

30
Q

vector control source reduction

A

methods of source reduction

  • clean overgrown ponds
  • clean out leaf-clogged gutters
  • repair leaky faucets
  • get rid of used tires
  • change water in bird baths weekly
  • screen or cover rain barrels
  • store wheelbarrows, canoes
  • remove used containers and bottles from our property
31
Q

vector control-biological

A

use of natural enemies to maintain populations such as predatory fish that feed on mosquito larvae

32
Q

vector control-chemical

A

insecticides (adulticides or larvicides)

33
Q

reducing contact potential

A

isolation-needed for those contagious
quarantine-for those exposed-> enforced for incubation period, not for chronic disease shedders
population control programs
-used to control zoonosis and wildlife reservoirs

34
Q

quarantine and culling

A

to separate and restrict the animals, killing and deposing of properly (either incineration or burying deep into ground)

35
Q

protection of portals of entry

A

clothing, repellants, nets on doors and windows, mosquito nets

36
Q

decontamination

A

process or treatment of a medical device rendering it safe to handle, cleaning with soap and water
forms include sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis

37
Q

sterilization

A

destroys all forms of microbial life, even spores. all or nothing process
methods include moist heat, dry heat, chemicals, radiation, sterile filtration

38
Q

disinfection

A

eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms

39
Q

antisepsis

A

application of liquid antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue to inhibit or destroy microorganisms

40
Q

surveillance

A

many companies record data of outbreaks and other useful info about disease to help prevent and cure
World animal Health Info System
“ “ info database

41
Q

farm biosecurity

A

internal-measures taken to combat spread of infectious disease within the farm
external-measures take to prevent an infectious disease fro entering or leaving a farm

virology test 2 (7 decks)

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