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1Current > (3_3) Neurology in 1 week > Flashcards

(3_3) Neurology in 1 week Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main features of pseudotumor cerebri?

A

Female, double vision, headache, papilledema, CN VI palsy, CT/MRI normal, LP shows high opening pressure

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2
Q

Neurology Overview Map

A

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3
Q

What is the one test that generally all patients with vertigo should have?

A

MRI of the auditory canal

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4
Q

What are the causes of vertigo?

A

Meniere’s disease (tinnitus, vertigo & hearing loss), benign positional vertigo, acoustic neuroma, perilymph fistula and vestibular neuronitis

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5
Q

What is the treatment for BPV or vestibular neuronitis or labyrinthitis?

A

Meclizine

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6
Q

What is the treatment for Meniere’s disease?

A

Salt restriction and diuretics

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7
Q

How do you differentiate Meniere’s disease and labyrinthitis?

A

Meniere’s is chronic and labyrinthitis is acute but both have tinnitus, hearing loss and vertigo

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8
Q

What are the main features of acoustic neuroma?

A

Tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo and ataxia

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9
Q

Types of dizziness/ vertigo

A

“Dizziness/Vertigo (6)

1) Acoustic neuroma
2) Benign positional vertigo
3) Labyrinthitis
4) Meniere’s disease
5) Perilymph fistula
6) Vestibular neuritis


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10
Q

What are the main features of Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff psychosis?

A

Chronic alcohol use, confusion, confabulation, ataxia, nystagmus, gaze palsy and memory loss

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11
Q

How do you treat Wernicke Korsakoff - psychosis?

A

B1 before glucose (if glucose is given first B1 may be used for glucose metabolism)

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12
Q

Which test is usually done before LP in CNS infection?

A

CT

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13
Q

Neurology Map

A

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14
Q

What are the indications of CT before LP?

A

Papilledema, seizure, altered level of consciousness, focal neurological deficit, history of CNS diseases and significant delay in lumbar puncture performance

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15
Q

Types of CNS infections

A

CNS Infections (11)
1) Brain abscess (PML, Neurocysticercosis, PRES)
2) Encephalitis
3) Infection
1-Cryptococcus
2-Listeria
3-Lyme disease
4-Rocky Mtn Spotted fever

Meningitis
5-Amoebic
6-Bacterial
7-Neisseria
8-TB meningitis
9-Viral meningitis

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16
Q

What do you do in CNS infection before doing CT and LP?

A

Do culture and start antibiotics

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17
Q

What is the best initial test for meningitis?

A

CSF cell count; if thousand neutrophils then start ceftriaxone + vancomycin + steroids

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18
Q

What are the main features of CSF analysis?

A

G stain ( 60% positive), glucose ( must be <60% of blood level), protein (if normal bacterial meningitis is ruled out and cell count

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19
Q

CSF Analysis

A

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20
Q

What bacteria are seen on G stain of CSF?

A

Pneumococcus, Neisseria, Hemophilus and Listeria

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21
Q

What are the main features of Cryptococcus meningitis?

A

CD4 < 100 India ink is the best initial test Cryptococcus Ag testing is the most accurate test

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22
Q

How do you treat Cryptococcus meningitis?

A

Amphotericin followed by life time fluconazole unless CD4 is raised

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23
Q

What are the main features of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

A

Rash on wrist and ankle, fever before rash, serology and treatment is doxycycline

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24
Q

What is the treatment for TB meningitis?

A

RIPES: RIPE ( rifampin, INH, pyrazinamide and ethambutol) and steroids; RIPE is continued for a year

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25
Q

What is the Listeria meningitis coverage?

A

Ampicillin is added to ceftriaxone and vancomycin

26
Q

What is the Listeria meningitis prophylaxis?

A

Rifampin or ciprofloxacin is given to close contact (kissing or sharing utensils)

27
Q

What are the main features of encephalitis?

A

Fever + confusion develops very fast; almost always herpes simplex virus is the cause

28
Q

How do you diagnose encephalitis?

A

CT is the best initial test to rule out other causes; LP & PCR of CSF, no need for brain biopsy

29
Q

What is the treatment of encephalitis?

A

Acyclovir and if resistant use foscarnet

30
Q

Neurology Map

A

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31
Q

What is the management of fever +headache + focal neurological deficit?

A

Contrast CT; if positive it is either tumor or abscess

32
Q

What is the next step in brain abscess?

A

If HIV negative do biopsy; if HIV positive treat for 2 weeks with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine if resolves nor further tests needed

33
Q

What is the treatment of neurocysticercosis?

A

Albendazole + steroids

34
Q

What is the treatment of head trauma?

A

Concussion: observe Contusion: mostly none Epidural and subdural hematoma: surgery if large Increased ICP: hyperventilate, mannitol and intubation to keep CO2<25-30; steroids

Ulcer prophylaxis in head trauma is needed

35
Q

What are the main features of subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

“Meningismus, loss of consciousness and absent of fever


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36
Q

What do you do if CT is positive in SAH?

A

No need for LP; if negative do LP

37
Q

What result of LP is considered positive for infection?

A

If WBC/RBC is > 1/500 it is considered infection

38
Q

What is the treatment of SAH?

A

Nimodipine, angiography, surgery (clip or embolization), shunt

39
Q

What is the prognosis of rebleed in SAH if we don’t do surgery?

A

50% die

40
Q

Types of Spine disorders

A

Spine disorders (7)

1) Anterior Spinal artery infarction
2) Brown-Sequard Syn
3) Cord compression
4) Epidural abscess
5) Lumbosacral strain
6) Spinal stenosis
7) Syringomyelia

41
Q

What are the clinical features of syringomyelia?

A

Hand and shoulder loss of spinothalamic tract bilaterally; diagnose with MRI

42
Q

What are the causes of syringomyelia?

A

Trauma, tumor and congenital

43
Q

What is the treatment of syringomyelia?

A

Surgery

44
Q

What is the most urgent treatment of cord compression?

A

Steroids and maybe surgery

45
Q

What are the causes of cord compression?

A

Bone: fracture, dislocation, spondylosis and abnormal growth

blood (hematoma)
tumor (usually metastasis)
disc herniation

46
Q

Neurology Map

A

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47
Q

What is the treatment of spinal cord abscess?

A

Oxacillin, nafcillin and maybe surgery

48
Q

What are the signs of anterior spinal artery occlusion?

A

Loss of pain and temperature (intact vibration and sense of position)

49
Q

What is Brown-Sequard syndrome?

A

Lateral knife trauma can cause loss of ipsilateral position and vibration + contralateral spinothalamic

50
Q

What is the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

A

Riluzole blocks accumulation of glutamate

51
Q

What is Saturday night palsy?

A

Wrist drop due to radial nerve palsy

52
Q

What kind of nerve damage is seen with high boots?

A

Peroneal nerve palsy

53
Q

What is the treatment of Bell’s palsy?

A

Acyclovir and steroids (maybe doxycycline)

54
Q

How do you treat reflex sympathetic dystrophy?

A

Gabapentin, NSAIDS, surgical block and sympathectomy

55
Q

Types of Peripheral neuropathies

A

“Peripheral neuropathies (9)

1) 7th Cranial nerve (Bell’s palsy)
2) Carpal tunnel syndrome
3) Diabetes
4) Guillain Barre Syndrome
5) Myasthenia Gravis
6) Peroneal nerve palsy
7) Radial nerve palsy
8) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
9) Restless legs syndrome (RLS)


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56
Q

How do you treat restless leg syndrome?

A

Pramipaxole or ropinerole

57
Q

What is the treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome?

A

Peak inspiratory pressure, IVIG or plasmapheresis

58
Q

How do you diagnose myasthenia gravis?

A

Clinical diagnosis and acetylcholine receptor Ab

59
Q

What is the treatment of myasthenia gravis?

A

Pyridostigmine, neostigmine, thymectomy, prednisone, AC

60
Q

What is the treatment of myasthenia gravis in order?

A

First neostigmine and if it doesn’t work thymectomy and if it doesn’t work steroids and if it doesn’t stop it switch to azathioprine and cyclophosphamide

61
Q

Neurology Map

A

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