3a - Reproduction in plants

Question 1

How can plants reproduce?

Answer 1

• asexually

- sexually

Question 2

How are new cells produced in plants asexually?

Answer 2

by mitosis

Question 3

When plants reproduce asexually, their offspring is ___________ identical

Answer 3

genetically

Question 4

How do plants reproduce asexually?

Answer 4

• many plants develop underground food storage organs that later develop into a plant (potato plants, daffodil plants)
• some plants produce side branches with plantlets on them (spider plant, chlorophytum)
• other plants produce runners with plantlets on them (strawberries)
• artificially induced (cuttings) that are placed in damp compost

Question 5

What are the pros of asexual reproduction?

Answer 5

• produces a large quantity of plants very quickly
• can grow plants all year round
• can grow rare or endangered plants to increase the populations
• genetic modification can be introduced to large numbers of plants

Question 6

What are the cons of asexual reproduction?

Answer 6

• vulnerable to pests/ same disease
• requires sterile lab facilities
• produces a large quantity of plants very quickly

Question 7

What is the male gamete in plants called?

Answer 7

pollen

Question 8

what is the female gamete in plants called?

Answer 8

egg cell (ovum)

Question 9

Where are the male gametes produced?

Answer 9

in the anthers of the stamen

Question 10

Where are the female gametes produced?

Answer 10

in the ovules in the ovaries

Question 11

What type of petals do insect pollinated flowers have and why?

Answer 11

• colourful
• large
• to attract pollinating insects

Question 12

What type of stigma do insect pollinated flowers have and why?

Answer 12

• within the flower
• sticky
• easier for pollen to stick to stigma

Question 13

What type of filaments do insect pollinated flowers have and why?

Answer 13

• upright
• within the flower
• so the insects rubs against them to deposit the pollen as it crawls in

Question 14

What type of pollen do insect pollinated flowers have and why?

Answer 14

• heavy
• sticky
• to stick easier to the anthers

Question 15

What type of scent do insect pollinated flowers have and why?

Answer 15

• present

- to attract pollinating insects

Question 16

What type of nectaries do insect pollinated flowers have and why?

Answer 16

• present

- to attract pollinating insects

Question 17

What type of petals do wind pollinated flowers have and why?

Answer 17

• small
• green
• no need to attract insects

Question 18

What type of stigma do wind pollinated flowers have and why?

Answer 18

• outside the flower
• feathery
• to catch pollen carried by the wind

Question 19

What type of filaments do wind pollinated flowers have and why?

Answer 19

• hang outside of the flower

- so that pollen can easily be blown away

Question 20

What type of pollen do wind pollinated flowers have and why?

Answer 20

• light

- so that it can easily be carried by wind

Question 21

What type of scent do wind pollinated flowers have and why?

Answer 21

• absent

- no need to attract insects

Question 22

What type of nectaries do wind pollinated flowers have and why?

Answer 22

• absent

- no need to attract insects

Question 23

What is fertilisation in plants?

Answer 23

The fusion of the nucleus of a male gamete (pollen) and a female gamete (ovule) to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo

Question 24

Describe stage 1 of fertilisation in plants:

Answer 24

• pollination occurs (either by wind or insects)

Question 25

Describe stage 2 of fertilisation in plants:

Answer 25

- pollen lands on stigma - pollen grows a pollen tube down the style using digestive enzymes towards the ovary - pollen enters the ovule via an opening called the micropyle

Question 26

Describe stage 3 of fertilisation in plants:

Answer 26

- the nucleus of the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube to fertilise the egg cell inside the ovule

Question 27

Describe stage 4 of fertilisation in plants:

Answer 27

- fertilised egg develops into an embryo - ovule becomes the seed - ovary becomes the fruit

Question 28

What does the ovule become?

Answer 28

the seed

Question 29

What does the ovary become?

Answer 29

the fruit

Question 30

What does the ovule wall become?

Answer 30

the seed coat

Question 31

What is the embryonic plant made of?

Answer 31

- radicle (small root) | - plumule (small shoot)

Question 32

Why do plants not want their seeds to land next to them?

Answer 32

The seeds will be in direct competition with the plant decreasing the chance of germination

Question 33

What are some ways seeds are dispersed?

Answer 33

- animals (seed has hooks which catch onto animal fur) - animals (fruit is eaten by animal, seeds are deposited in the droppings elsewhere) - pods which are explosive, fire the seeds away - small feather-like structure to help it float in the wind - wings to help them fly in the wind

Question 34

What specific conditions does a seed require to germinate?

Answer 34

- water - oxygen - warmth

Question 35

Why do seeds need water to germinate?

Answer 35

to activate enzymes which digests stored food

Question 36

Why do seeds need oxygen to germinate?

Answer 36

needed for the lease of energy for germination

Question 37

Why do seeds need warmth to germinate?

Answer 37

needed for the enzymes to work effectively