3.A - the role of global governance in conflict Flashcards
1
Q
what are the key ideas surrounding the role of global governance in conflict?
A
- challenges to sovereignty can cause conflicts
- conflicts can be regulated/managed by institutions (e.g. EU, UN, NATO, NGOs)
- treaties, laws and norms are tools (rules) that institutions use to maintain peace and reduce/manage conflict
- geopolitical intervention into a state (via, for example, UN or NGOs) involves the movement of money, people, ideas and technology & co-operation between organisations.
2
Q
what conflicts is there in Kashmir?
A
- sovereignty over Kashmir has been contested between pakistan and india since the partition of India in 1947.
- periodic firing across the border by both countries has caused deaths of military personnel and internal displacement of thousands of poor farmers and their families.
- troops are even stationed high in the Karakoram Range at over 6000m to control the territory of the Siachen Glacier, a major source of the River Indus
- the dispute remains UNRESOLVED, requiring greater co-operation between the 2 countries
3
Q
what environmental factors have led to the conflict in Kashmir?
A
- although there are ethnic, cultural and religious differences, WATER INSECURITY is at the heart of the Kashmir dispute
- the indus is a very important natural resource to both countries for irrigation and hydro-electric power.
- mediated by the world bank, the Indus Water Treaty of 1960 shared the waters of the Indus and is still in force.
- but pakistan, occupying the lower part of the Indus Basin, complains that India adversley affects its water supplies by damming the upper tributaries which flow through that part of Kashmir under Indian control.
4
Q
why is the Kashmir dispute of escalating importance?
A
this dispute is one of escalating importance for both countries owing to:
1. rapid growth of their populations (increasing the demand for water)
2. the water resource itself depleting as global warming causes Himalayan glaciers to retreat.
5
Q
what other factors contribute to the conflict in Kashmir?
A
- religion: majority of indians are Hindu, whereas majority of Pakistan are Muslim
- 1947 partition of India (500,000 people died trying to flee)
6
Q
how has global governance helped to regulate the conflict in Kashmir?
A
- the Indus water treaty is mediated by the world bank (1960)
- it is regarded as very successful as it has survived 2 wars and many military standoffs between India and Pakistan.
- the indus river treaty is a water-distribution treaty between I + P, brokered by the world bank to use the water available in the Indus system of rivers located in Pakistan
- it was signed in Karachi on Sept 19th 1960
7
Q
what is the indus water treaty?
A
- the indus water treaty is a water-distribution treaty between I + P, brokered by the world bank to use the water available in the Indus system of rivers located in Pakistan
- it was signed in Karachi on Sept 19th 1960 by first PM of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and then president of Pak Ayub Khan.
8
Q
what did the indus river treaty say?
A
- control over water flowing in 3 “eastern” rivers of indus was given to india, with mean annual flow of 33 million acrefeet
- while 3 “western” rivers with MAF of 80 was given to Pakistan.
- since P’s rivers recieve more water flow, the treaty allowed india to use western rivers for limited irrigation use and unlimited use for power generation, domestic, industrial and non-consumptive uses e.g. navigation/fish culture
9
Q
UN
A
- international organisation of elected member states. in regulating conflict the UN aims to:
> achieve worldwide peace and security
> develop good relations between nations
> foster co-operation among nations. - e.g. Mali and South Sudan interventions
10
Q
NATO
A
- an alliance of European and North American countries.
- its purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of its 28 members through political and military means.
- politically promotes democratic values
- militarily attempts to achieve peaceful resolution of disputes.
11
Q
EU
A
- after WW2, aims to foster economic cooperation on the understanding that international trade between member countries would enhance economic interdependence making them more likely to avoid conflict.
12
Q
UN
A
- 193 member states
- founded 1945
- international organisation of elected member states
- maintains international peace and security through peacekeeping, peace building, diplomacy and mediation.
- international treaties bind states to give citizens rights that are agreed at a global level
- can intervene in the affairs of a state if that state fails to protect its own citizens
- genocide, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing are reasons for them intervening in a state
- cannot enforce its statutes treaties because member states have final authority over governance
- aims include world peace and security; poverty reduction; co-operation amongst states
13
Q
NATO
A
- founded 1949
- attempts to achieve peaceful resolutions to disputes
- involves some loss of sovereignty for the depolyment of services, as agreed by the members.
- 28 member states
- alliance of north american and european countries
- aims include safeguarding freedom and security by military and political means.
- politically, it promotes democracy and encourages co-operation on defence and security to prevent conflict.
- has the military capacity and mandate for crisis management operations
- works in partnership with countries to which it is depolyed, either for humanitarian assistance or security training
14
Q
EU
A
- 28 member states
- grew from ESCC 1951
- trading bloc with its own economic and political union
- is bound by a single market with free trade and movement of people
- involves loss of sovereignty all members signed up to agree by supranational laws
- has a security role providing forces from member states for rapid response operations
- passes laws on transnational issues such as pollution, crime etc. as well as general laws & the override those of the state
- aims = to ensure freedom, security & justice; economic and social progress.
- creates policies about conflicts e.g. common security and defence, peacekeeping, humanitarian aid and crisis management
15
Q
advantages of NGOS
A
- not going to take sides in a conflict
- will help everyone
- allowed everywhere
- there to help, not threaten
- often small scale intervention
- can intervene in places of ongoing conflict
- vital in humanitarian assistance and intervention
- short term development gains can improve stability in areas
