3b earthquake hazards

Question 1

the 5 main hazards from earthquakes

Answer 1

ground shaking and displacement
liquefaction
landslides and avalanches
tsunamis

Question 2

hazard

Answer 2

a naturally occurring process or event which has the potential to cause loss of life or property

Question 3

liquefaction

Answer 3

due to Secondary waves
shaking causes positive pore water pressure to build up,
this decreased cohesion between water and soil molecules causing ground to take on liquid like properties
Tangshan earthquake of 1976. Some scientists estimate that an area of more than 2,400 sq km was subjected to severe liquefaction,
can have large scale impacts e.g. triggering waterslides (San Fernando Earthquake 1971)

Question 4

Tsunami formation

Answer 4

• at a destructive margin a denser oceanic plate is subducted under the mantle of a continental plate.
• pressure builds up due to friction between the two plates causing distortion.
• periodically the plate will snap back causing an earthquake and displacing a column of water which creates a massive wave or tsunami when water comes back down due to gravity.
• wave amplitude increases and wavelength decreases when tsunami reaches shallow water.
  (can be a secondary hazard from terrestrial and submarine landslides)

Question 5

tsunami impacts

Answer 5

Forms a large wave at up to 800kmph.
travel large distances across oceans and up to 16km inland however vary greatly.
Secondary hazards of tsunami, flooding, disease spread, financial recession etc

Question 6

GDP per capita of Japan

Answer 6

$37100

Question 7

people in poverty, less than 2 USD per day: Japan

Answer 7

16%

Question 8

life expectancy in Japan

Answer 8

84.62

Question 9

doctor per people in Japan

Answer 9

2.14 doctors per 1000 people

Question 10

earthquake facts: Japan

Answer 10

11 march 2011
over 1000 aftershocks
9.1 Mw magnitude with many after shocks over 6
4th largest since records began in Japan
since 2000 23 earthquakes with magnitude 7.0 Mw

Question 11

plate boundary fact: Japan

Answer 11

pacific plate (moving at 8cm per year) subducts under eurasian plate
pushes upper plate down and the stress results in a slip-rupture event
the break causes sea floor to rise by several meters causing the tsunami to move inland

Question 12

social impacts: Japan

Answer 12

19 759 deaths (90%) due to drowning
2000 children lost parents
100 000 families separated

Question 13

economic impacts: Japan

Answer 13

damage to infrastructure causing loss of homes; loss of jobs; cost to rebuild
11 nuclear reactors closed down
4.4 million households without power
expensive warning technology to mitigate
£181 billion (cost of earthquake and rebuilding)
10% ports damaged

Question 14

environmental impacts: Japan

Answer 14

level 7 nuclear meltdown:
- 300 tons of water released each day
- damage to marine life
wildlife killed in tsunami

Question 15

political impacts: Japan

Answer 15

shift away from nuclear energy
in July 2011 germany vowed to close all nuclear power plants by 2011
increased debt
billions of yen invested into financial sector to improve stability