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biology > 3B-More Exchange and Transport Systems > Flashcards

3B-More Exchange and Transport Systems Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

why are large biological molecules broken down

A

they are too big to cross cell membrane this means they cant be absorbed from the gut into the blood

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2
Q

what produces enzymes

A

by specialized cells in the digestive system

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3
Q

why do different food molecules need different enzymes

A

as they have specific substrates different enzymes are needed to catalyse the breakdown of different food molecules

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4
Q

what enzyme is used to break down carbohydrates

A

amylase and membrane bound disaccharidases

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5
Q

what do bile salts do

A

emulsifies fatty acids so they have a larger surface area for lipases to work on

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6
Q

how are monosaccharides absorbed

A

galactose and glucose is abosrbed via active transport with sodium ions via a cotransporter protein
fructose- via facilitated diffusion

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6
Q

how are monoglycerides and fatty acids absorbed

A

micelle help move them move them towards the epithelium. they are lipid soluble so diffuse across

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6
Q

how are amino acids absorbed

A

via co-transport similar to glucose and galactose

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6
Q

what is haemoglobin

A

a large protein with quaternary structure made up more than 1 polypeptide chain

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6
Q

where is lipases produced

A

pancreas

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6
Q

what is the reversible reaction for haemoglobin

A

Hb+4O2= HbO8

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6
Q

what element does haemoglobin have in it

A

iron

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6
Q

what enzymes break down protein

A

endo and exo peptidase

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6
Q

what is the difference between endo and exo peptidase

A

endo acts to hydrolyse peptides within a protein where as exo hydrolyses at the ends of a protein molecule

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6
Q

what are some examples of endopeptidases

A

trypsin and chrymotrypsin

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6
Q

what are some examples of exopeptidase

A

dipeptidase these specifically work on dipeptides

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6
Q

what happens to partial pressure of oxygen as concentration increases

A

pp is higher

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7
Q

how does partial pressure effect the affinity of oxygen

A

oxygen loads onto haemoglobin at high pp of o2 and unloads at lower pp o2

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8
Q

what are membrane bound disacchrides

A

enzymes that attach to the cell membrane of epithial cells lining the ileum. they help break down disacchrides into monosaccharides

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8
Q

what does amylase do

A

this digestive enzyme catalyse the conversion of starch into smaller sugar maltose. this involvs hydroysis of the glucocidic bonds

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9
Q

where is amylase produced

A

salivary glands and pancreas

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10
Q

what enzyme is used to break down lipids

A

lipase

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10
Q

what does lipases do

A

breaksdown lipids by the hydrolysis of ester bonds

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11
Q

where does oxygen enter the capillaires

A

the alveoli in the lungs

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12
what lowers the pp o2
when cells respire then the haemoglobin returns to the lungs to be loaded again
13
what does a dissociation curve show
how saturated the haemoglobin is with o2 at any partial pressure
14
what happens if pp o2 is high on the graph
haemoglobin has a high affinity for o2 so it has high oxygen saturation
15
what happens if pp o2 is low on the graph
haemoglobin has a low affinity for o2 which means it releases oxygen so it has low oxygen saturation
16
what happens to haemoglobin at higher pp of co2
it gives up itx oxygen more readily
17
how does pp of co2 increase
cells produce it
18
what does pp of co2 do to the disscoiation curve
shifts it too the right which is called the bohr effect
19
what does a organism that lives in an enviroment with low conc of o2 have
higher affinity for oxygen
20
what if the organism is more active and have a high demand for oxygen
lower affinity for o2
21
why do multicellular organisms need exchange surfaces
they have a low surface area to volume ratio
22
what is the circulatory system made of
the heart and blood vessels- veins arteries and cappilaries
23
what does blood transport
waste products gases hormones and products of digestion
24
give the characteristics of an artery
-goes away from heart - thick muscular walls - elastic tissue these maintain high pressure - carry oxygenated blood - small lumen
25
give the characteristics of an ateriole
smaller version of a artery they can constrict to restrict blood flowgive the characteristics of an
26
give the characteristics of an vein
-low pressure -back to heart - very little elastic tissue - deoxygenated blood -large lumen - they have valves in them
27
give the characteristics of an capilliary
- one cell thick -often close to exchange tissue so short diffusion distance - large number of them in increase SA
28
what is tissue fluid
fluid that surrounds the cells in tissues. its made from small molecules that leave the blood plasma e.g o2 water and nutrients
29
what is pressure filtration
how substances move out the capplilaries into the tissue fluid
30
how does pressure filtration work
1) at the start of the capillary bed the hydrostatic pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure in the tissue fluid 2) difference in hydrostatic pressure means overall outwards pressure forces fluid out of capillaires 3) as fluid leaves the hydrostatic pressure reduces 4) due to fluid loss and increase in conc of plasma proteins the water potenial is lower that in the tissue fluid 5) this means water reenters the capillaires via osmosis
31
what happens to excess tissue fluid
it is drained into lymphatic system
32
what sides of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood and what side pumps oxygenated
deoxygenated- right oxygenated- left
33
what are the characteristics of the left ventricle
thicker wallls and more muscular then right because it needs to contract powerfully to get blood around the body
34
why does the venticle have thicker walls then atria
they have to push the blood all the way round the body but atria only push short distances
35
what does the atrioventricular valve do
links atria to ventricles and prevents backflow of blood
36
what does the semilunar valve do
links the ventricle to the pulmonary artery and the aorta to prevent blood flowing back into heart
37
how do valves open
if their is a higher pressure behind a valve it opens but if higher infront its forced to shut
38
what is diastole
Diastole is when the heart muscle relaxes and the chambers refill with blood.
39
what is systole
Systole is when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood out into the arteries
40
what happens in atrial systole
- the ventricles are relaxed - atria contract decreasing volume of chambers and increasing the pressure inside the chambers - pushing blood into the ventricles - AV valves are open -SL valves closed
41
what happens in ventricular systole
- atria relaxes - ventricles contract increasing pressure - forces AV valves shut to prevent backflow - blood forced out of SL valves into the body through aorta
42
what happens in diastole
Blood Filling: Blood returns to the heart via the vena cava and pulmonary veins. Valve Movement: The atrioventricular (AV) valves (mitral and tricuspid) open, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles. The semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) remain closed during this phase. Pressure Changes: Pressure in the atria rises above that in the ventricles, forcing the AV valves open. The pressure in the ventricles drops below that in the aorta and pulmonary artery, causing the semilunar valves to close. Passive Filling: Blood flows passively into the ventricles from the atria.
43
can you interpret the graphs/ data
look at book page 78 and 81
44
what is atheroma
where a damaged part of the endothelium layer starts to get a build up of white blood cells and lipids which hardens creates a blockage and restricts blood flow causing increased blood pressure
45
what can atheroma cause
coronary heart disease
46
what are 2 types of diseases that affect arteries
aneursym thrombosis
47
what is aneursym
atheroma damages and weakens arteries and the high pressure pushes the inner layer and creates a baloon like swelling which can burst and cause haemorrhage
48
what is thrombosis
after atheroma plaque can rupture the lining of artery lleaving a rough surface which causes proteins to accumlate which then leads to a clott
49
what are some risk factors of cardiovascular disease
1) high cholestrol/ poor diet- causes fatty deposits leading to atheroma 2) cigarette smoking- carbon monoxide and nicotine increase cardiovasuclar disease risk as it reduces the amount oxygen haemoglobin can transport. it also reduces antioxidants 3) high blood pressure- increases risk of damage to artery walls
50
what are the 2 types of tissue involved in transport in plants
xylem- transports water and mineral ions phloem tissue- transports organic substances
51
what are xylem vessels
they are long tube like structures formed from dead cells. no end walls meaning water can pass through easily
52
what 2 propeties help water move up plants
cohesion and tension
53
how does water move up the plants
-water evaporates from leaves - creates tension, pulling water up - water molecules are cohesive so pull other water molecules up - water enters stem from roots
54
what is transpiration
evaporation of water from a plants surface -when stomata open it moves out of the leaf down the conc gradientw
55
what factors affect transpiration
-light- lighter means more transpiration as stomata open when light - temperature- higher temp more transpiration - humidity- lower= higher transpiration -wind- windier= higher
56
what can you use a potometer for
to estimate transipration rates
57
how do you preform a potometer experiment
1) cut a shoot underwater to prevent air getting into the xylem. cut at slant to increase SA 2) assemble the potometer in water and put the shoot in underwater 3) remove apparatus from water but ensure capillary is in beaker 4)check the apparus is water and air tight 5)dry the leaf and allow time for shoot to acclimatise 6) remove end of capillary and allow a bubble to enter 7)record its start position 8) start stopwatch and record movement every set amount of timr
58
what does the phloem transport
solutes
59
why are sieve tube elements important in the phloem
they are the living cell that forms the tube for transporting
60
why are the companion cells important in the pholem
to provide energy for active transport of solutes
61
what is translocation
the movement of solutes to where theyre needed in plants
62
what is the source in translocation
where solute is made
63
what is the sink in translocation
where the solute is used
64
how does enzymes help maintain concentration gradient
by changing the solutes at the sink. this makes sure there is always a lower concentration at the sink than at the source
65
what is the mass flow hypothesis
- active transport is used to actively load the solutes from companion cells into seive tube - this lowers the water potential in the seive tube do water enters via osomosis - this creates high pressure in phloems source end - at sink end solutes removed from phloem to be used - this increases water potenial and water leaves - which lowers pressure - this results in a pressure gradient from source end to sink end. this pushes solutes up the tubes
66
what evidence is their to support the mass flow hypothesis
- if a ring of bark removed from woody stem a bulge forms above the ring - radioactive tracers - metabolic inhibitor
67
what evidence is their to object to mass flow hypothesis
sugar travels to many different sinks not just to one with highest water potential - sieve plates would create a barrier to mass flow

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