3D/4D Views

Question 1

What is 3D/4D imaging in terms of imaging?

Answer 1

A series of 2D slices processed into a 3D volume (VOXEL)

Question 2

What is another name for 3D/4D imaging?

Answer 2

Volume imaging

Question 3

What is a voxel?

Answer 3

A series of parallel 2D slices processed into a 3D volume

Question 4

What can be done with VOXEL?

Answer 4

Voxel volume can be sliced into different planes, some which are impossible with conventional 2D techniques

Question 5

In terms of VOXELs, the series of 2D scans are housed where?

Answer 5

Housed in the systems memories and are post processed for the described information

Question 6

3D imaging in real time is called what?

Answer 6

4D

Question 7

How are 3D/4D imaging acquired?

Answer 7

Acquired with 1D probes and a manual sweep but this method requires practice and patience

Question 8

In terms of getting 3D/4D images, motorized transducers allow the operator to do what?

Answer 8

“Hold still” while the 2D scan is swept to obtain the set angle of images from the region of interest

Question 9

Newer 3D/4D technology allows for what?

Answer 9

Matrix tranducer

Question 10

What is the alignment of crystals like for a matrix tranducer? What does this allow us to do?

Answer 10

1. Checker board
2. This allows for two perpendicular planes to be swept and displayed simultaneously

Question 11

What display types are available with 3D imaging? 5

Answer 11

1. Multiplanar reconstruction (MPR)
2. Multi slice
3. Surface rendering
4. Maximum intensity projection (MIP)
5. Biplane

Question 12

Each display type provides what kind of information?

Answer 12

Different information that can be used for diagnosis or analysis

Question 13

What is multiplanar reconstitution (MPR)?

Answer 13

This display type shows three plans (tomograms) of acquired data simultaneously

Question 14

What are the three planes of MPR?

Answer 14

A, B, and C

Question 15

What is the A plane?

Answer 15

Acquisition plane (Sag, Trans, Etc.)

Question 16

What is the B plane?

Answer 16

90 degrees to the A plane vertically

Question 17

What is the C plane?

Answer 17

Coronal plane

Question 18

MPR planes are synonymous with what?

Answer 18

The X,Y, and Z planes but they may not correlate directly depending on how the image was acquired

Question 19

Which plane has the highest resolution? Followed by what?

Answer 19

1. A plane has the highest resolution
2. B then C planes respectively

Question 20

Label the planes

Answer 20

Question 21

In Multislice or tomographic display mode, what can the operator do?

Answer 21

Can view several adjacent slices of anatomy all referenced to a single image

Question 22

In terms of multislice or tomographic, the operator can set what?

Answer 22

The number of lines and the space between them

Question 23

Which controls are still available for image manipulation for multislice or tomographic?

Answer 23

X, y, and Z

Question 24

Multislice or tomographic approaches can align what?

Answer 24

Protocols similar to CT and MR imaging

Question 25

What does this image demonstrate?

Answer 25

Multislice or tomographic

Question 26

There are several different redoing modes available to sonographers, what are some examples? 3

Answer 26

1. Maximum 2. Skeletal 3. X-ray rendering eliminates the weakened echoes, focusing on the bringer reflectors from bone

Question 27

Minimum and inversion modes focus more on what?

Answer 27

The weariers echoes and can be used to highlight the fluid structure

Question 28

What is the most. Recognized type of rendering mode in sonography, popular for 3D/ 4D images of the fetus?

Answer 28

Surface rendering

Question 29

Surface rending mode shows what?

Answer 29

The superficial echoes, ignoring the underling anatomy

Question 30

In terms of surface rendering, algorithms for shading and contour can do what?

Answer 30

Be applied to give the perception of depth

Question 31

Other controls for surface rendering allows for what? (Besides shading and contour)

Answer 31

Smoothing, adding texture and gradient light

Question 32

Gradient light gives the appearance that there is what?

Answer 32

An external light source illuminating the tissue

Question 33

What does Maximum intensity projection (MIP) do?

Answer 33

This display modes works by taking the “thick” slices of anatomy and collapsing it down to overlay echoes of highest intensity

Question 34

What does MIP help create?

Answer 34

A volume appearance and can make the viewing of information easier to see

Question 35

In terms of MIP, different slice thickness and sweeping can be used to obtained what?

Answer 35

Desired information

Question 36

Biplane imaging allows the sonographer to view what?

Answer 36

Anatomy in a short and long axis simultaneously

Question 37

What is biplane imaging useful for?

Answer 37

Many applications, especially with intervention

Question 38

With the biplane probe, biplane imaging can be used in conjunction with 3D/4D to do what?

Answer 38

Increase efficiency in assessment and scan time