3RD LE

Question 1

evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection pressure imposed by the other

Answer 1

coevolution

Question 2

parasite that lives on the surface of another organism

Answer 2

ectoparasite

Question 3

parasite that lives inside the body of its host organism

Answer 3

endoparasite

Question 4

organism on or within which an herbivore, parasite, or mutualist lives and feeds

Answer 4

host

Question 5

relatively large parasite species, such as arthropods and worms

Answer 5

macroparasite

Question 6

parasite species too small to be seen with the naked eye, such as bacteria, protists, and fungi

Answer 6

microparasite

Question 7

organism that lives in or on a host organism and feeds on its tissues or body fluids

Answer 7

parasite

Question 8

insect that lays on or a few eggs on or in a host organism (itself usually an insect), which the resulting larvae remain with, eat, and almost always kill

Answer 8

parasitoid

Question 9

parasite that causes disease

Answer 9

pathogen

Question 10

organism that lives in or on an organism of another species, referred to as its host; a symbiont is the smaller member of a symbiosis

Answer 10

symbiont

Question 11

minimum number of individuals susceptible to a disease that must be present in a population for the disease to become established and spread

Answer 11

threshold density

Question 12

In a mutualism, an individual that increases its production of offspring by overexploiting its mutualistic partner

Answer 12

cheater

Question 13

species interaction in which individuals of one species benefit while individuals of the other species do not benefit and are not harmed (+/0 relationship).

Answer 13

commensalism

Question 14

mutualism in which one partner provides the other with shelter, a place to live, or favorable habitat

Answer 14

habitat mutualism

Question 15

mutually beneficial interaction between individuals of two or more species (+/+ relationship)

Answer 15

mutualism

Question 16

trophic or non-trophic species interaction in which one or both species benefit and neither is harmed

Answer 16

positive interaction

Question 17

relationship in which two species live in close physical and/or physiological contact with each other

Answer 17

symbiosis

Question 18

mutualism in which one or both of the mutualists receives energy or nutrients from its partner

Answer 18

trophic mutualism

Question 19

diversity of important ecological entities that span multiple spatial scales, from genes to species to communities

Answer 19

biodiversity

Question 20

group of interacting species that occur together at the same place and time

Answer 20

community

Question 21

set of characteristics that shape a community, including the number, composition, and abundance of species

Answer 21

community structure

Question 22

interaction that occurs between two species, such as predation, competition, or a positive interaction

Answer 22

direct interaction

Question 23

species that influences its community by creating, modifying, or maintaining physical habitat for itself and other species

Answer 23

ecosystem engineer

Question 24

diagram showing the connections between organisms and the food they consume

Answer 24

food web

Question 25

species that has large, community-wide effects on the habitat or food of other species by virtue of its size or abundance

Answer 25

foundation species

Question 26

subset of a community that includes species that function in similar ways, but do not necessarily use the same resources

Answer 26

functional group

Question 27

subset of a community that includes species that use the same resources, whether or not they are taxonomically related

Answer 27

guild

Question 28

non-trophic interactions, such as competition and some positive interactions, that occur within a trophic level

Answer 28

horizontal interactions

Question 29

interaction in which the relationship between two species is mediated by a third (or more) species

Answer 29

indirect interaction

Question 30

measure of the effect on one species (the interactor) on the abundance of another species (the target species)

Answer 30

interaction strength

Question 31

concept that describes both the trophic (vertical) and non-trophic (horizontal) interactions among the species in a traditional food web

Answer 31

interaction web

Question 32

strong interactor species that has an effect on energy flow and community structure that is disproportionate to its small size, abundance, or biomass

Answer 32

keystone species

Question 33

graph that plots the proportional abundance of each species in a community relative to the others in rank order, from most abundant to least abundant

Answer 33

rank abundance curve

Question 34

having the same function in a community as other species in that community within a larger functional group

Answer 34

redundant species

Question 35

index most commonly used to describe species diversity quantitatively

Answer 35

shannon index

Question 36

graph that plots species richness as a function of the total number of individuals that are present with each additional sample

Answer 36

species accumulation curve

Question 37

identity of the species present in a community

Answer 37

species composition

Question 38

measure that combines the number of species (species richness) in a community and their relative abundances compared with one another (species evenness)

Answer 38

species diversity

Question 39

relative abundances of different species compared to one another in a community

Answer 39

species evenness

Question 40

number of species in a community

Answer 40

species richness

Question 41

change in the rate of consumption at one trophic level that results in a series of changes in species abundance or composition at lower trophic levels

Answer 41

trophic cascade

Question 42

interaction in which a consumer is directly facilitated by a positive interaction between its prey or food plant and another species

Answer 42

trophic facilitation

Question 43

group of species that obtain energy in similar ways, classified by the number of feeding steps by which the group is removed from primary producers, which are the first trophic level

Answer 43

trophic level

Question 44

different community development scenarios, or community states, that are possible at the same location under similar environmental conditions

Answer 44

alternative stable states

Question 45

last stage of succession that is thought to be stable until disturbances or stresses shift the community back to earlier successional stages

Answer 45

climax stage

Question 46

abiotic event that kills or damages some individuals and thereby creates opportunities for other individuals to grow and reproduce

Answer 46

disturbance

Question 47

inability of a community that has undergone change to shift back to the original community type, even when the original conditions are restored

Answer 47

hysteresis

Question 48

first stage of primary succession

Answer 48

pioneer stage

Question 49

succession that involves the colonization of habitats devoid of life

Answer 49

primary succession

Question 50

succession that involves the reestablishment of a community in which some, but not all, of the organisms have been destroyed

Answer 50

secondary succession

Question 51

when a community retains, or returns to, its original structure and function after some perturbation

Answer 51

stability

Question 52

process of change in the species composition of a community over time as a result of abiotic and biotic agents of change

Answer 52

succession