3RD QUARTER EXAM REVIEWER Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
is a growth toward or away from a stimulus (causes a reaction or response).
A
TROPISM
2
Q
growth towards the direction of a stimulus
A
POSITIVE TROPISM
3
Q
growth away from a stimulus
A
NEGATIVE TROPISM
4
Q
is when plants turn or bend toward light.
A
PHOTOTROPISM
5
Q
growth towards the light source
A
POSITIVE PHOTOTROPISM
6
Q
growth away from the light
A
NEGATIVE PHOTOTROPISM
7
Q
Plants need light to stimulate the production of energy; this process is called
A
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
8
Q
The directional movement of plants in response to the stimulus of touch.
A
THIGMOTROPISM
9
Q
a plant, or a part of it, grows toward the touch stimulus
A
POSITIVE THIGMOTROPISM
10
Q
- a plant, or a part of it, grows away from the touch stimulus
A
NEGATIVE THIGMOTROPISM
11
Q
is growth in response to gravity
A
GRAVITROPISM OR GEOTROPISM
12
Q
occurs when roots grow into soil because they grow in the direction of gravity
A
POSITIVE GRAVITROPISM
13
Q
occurs when shoots grow up toward sunlight in the opposite direction of gravity.
A
NEGATIVE GRAVITROPISM
14
Q
is directional growth in response to water concentrations.
A
HYDROTROPISM
15
Q
This tropism is important in plants for protection against drought conditions through positive hydrotropism and against water over-saturation through negative hydrotropism.
A
HYDROTROPISM
16
Q
is one in which the organism tends to grow towards moisture
A
POSITIVE HYDROTROPISM
17
Q
- is when the organism grows away from moisture
A
NEGATIVE HYDROTROPISM
18
Q
The movement of a plant or a part of plant in response to a change in temperature.
A
THERMOTROPISM
19
Q
is when the growth or movement of an organism is towards the source of heat or cold
A
POSITIVE THERMOTROPISM
20
Q
is when the organism tends to grow or move away from the source of heat or cold
A
NEGATIVE THERMOTROPISM
21
Q
Observable biological oscillations that occur with a 24-hour periodicity
A
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
22
Q
the response of the plant is non-directional.
A
NASTIC MOVEMENT
23
Q
Does not depend on the direction of the stimulus
A
NASTIC MOVEMENT
24
Q
MOVEMENT IS REVERSIBLE
A
NASTIC MOVEMENT
25
Is nasty movement that its caused by stimulus of light
PHOTONASTIC
26
MIRABILIS JALAPA OTHER TERM??
FOUR O' CLOCK
27
The fly lands leaves and the leaves close, the fly is trapped
THIGMONASTIC MOVEMENT
28
Plant behaviors you are used to seeing, such as the ripening of fruit, the growth of shoots upward and roots downward, the growth of plants toward the light, the dropping of leaves in the fall, and the growth and flowering of plants at times of the year are all controlled by
PLANT HORMONES
29
PLANT HORMONES OR ??
PHYTOHORMONES
30
chemical signals produced by cells that act on target cells to control their growth or development.
HORMONES
31
among the most important biochemicals affecting plant growth and yield production under different conditions, including stress.
PLANT HORMONES
32
stimulate the elongation of cells in the plant stem and phototropism (the growth of plants toward light).
AUXINS
33
If a plant receives equal light on all sides, its stem grows straight. If light is uneven, then....
AUXIN MOVES TOWARD THE DARKER SIDE OF THE PLANT
34
* promote both cell division and cell elongation, causing shoots to elongate so that plants can grow taller, and leaves can grow bigger.
* They speed the elongation of dwarf varieties to normal sizes and promote flowering, stem and root elongation, and growth of fruit.
* can be used to: end seed dormancy. promote flowering. increase fruit size.
GIBBERELLINS (Gibberellic acid)
35
* are plant hormones that cause increased cell division by stimulating the process of mitosis, promote leaf expansion, and slow down the aging of leaves.
* They are made naturally by plants but have been synthesized by humans.
CYTOKININ
36
Increased _____results in plant growth and the formation of shoots and buds, as well as the development of fruits and seeds.
MITOSIS
37
inhibits cell growth and can help prevent water loss by triggering stomata to close; promotes dormancy in seeds and buds (terminal buds); promotes falling of leaves
ABSCISIC ACID (ABA)
38
Falling of leaves
ABSCISSION
39
CELLS TURGID OR ?
STOMA OPEM
40
CELLS FLACCID OR ?
STOMA CLOSED
41
* It is produced from leaves, roots, stems, flowers and fruits, and it plays a major role in FRUIT RIPENING, FLOWERING AND ABSCISSION (the natural shedding of leaves, flowers and fruits).
* is a plant hormone that regulates plant growth, development and response to environmental stress.
ETHYLENE
42
* They can counteract the effects of abscisic acid, acting to promote flowering, seed germination, and the opening of stomata. Regulate a wide range of physiological processes including plant growth, development and immunity.
* They’re extremely powerful and can affect the concentrations of other plant hormones, promoting or inhibiting plant growth depending on the stage of development.
BRASSINOSTEROID (BR)
43
PLANT GROWTH PROMOTERS:
1. AUXINS
2. GIBBERELLINS
3. CYTOKININ
44
PLANT GROWTH INHIBITORS
ABSCISIC ACID AND ETHYLENE
45
refers to the production of an organism, commonly referred as offspring, by another organism.
REPRODUCTION
46
is produced as a new individual organism from the parent.
OFFSPRING
47
produces genetically identical organisms (clones),
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
48
the genetic material of two individuals combines to produce offspring that are genetically different from their parents
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
49
the male gamete (sperm) may be placed inside the female’s body for internal fertilization, or the sperm and eggs may be released into the environment for external fertilization.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
50
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION TYPES
* Regeneration and Fragmentation
* Budding
* Parthenogenesis
51
TYPES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
* Isogamy
* Hermaphroditism
a. Simultaneous hermaphrodites
b. Sequential hermaphrodites
c. Protandrous hermaphrodites
d. Protogynous hermaphrodites
* Anisogamy
52
an effective means of reproduction because all the offspring will be adapted to that environment.
ASEUAL REPRODUCTION
53
is the production of new tissues to replace missing and damaged parts of the body. It is seen in small invertebrates such as Planaria and Hydra.
REGENERATION
54
is the breaking of the body into two parts with subsequent regeneration. If the animal is capable of fragmentation, and the part is big enough, a separate individual will regrow.
FRAGMENTATION
55
results from the outgrowth of a part of a cell or body region leading to a separation from the original organism into two individuals; or simply, it involves forming a new individual from an outgrowth on the parents’ body. Occurs commonly in some invertebrate animals such as corals and hydras
BUDDING
56
A type of asexual reproduction where a parent cell divides, resulting in two identical cells, each having the potential to grow to the size of the original cell. Typically observed in prokaryotes and a few single-celled eukaryotes.
BINARY FISSION
57
TYPES OF BINARY FISSION
1. IRREGULAR (AMOEBA)
2. TRANSVERSE (PARAMECIUM)
3. LONGITUDINAL (EUGLENA)
4. OBLIQUE (CERATIUM)
58
A form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized.
PARTHENOGENESIS
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use parthenogenesis to produce haploid males (drones) and diploid females (workers). If an egg is fertilized, a queen is produced.
BEES
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species produce gametes that are all the same size; there is no differentiation of male and female.
ISOGAMOUS
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species produce gametes of two distinct sizes; these species have male and female.
ANISOGAMOUS
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is found in Fucus (algae), where the male gamete is smaller than the female gamete.
ANISOGAMOUS REPRODUCTION
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is an animal that has both male and female reproductive organs and produces both eggs and sperm.
HERMAPHRODITE
64
can be further subdivided into animals that are simultaneously male and female (simultaneous hermaphrodites) and others that are first one sex and then the other (sequential hermaphrodites).
HERMAPHRODITISM
65
animal is male and female at the same time. Examples: earthworms, leaches, snails, slugs, sponges, barnacles, and most flowering plants
SIMULTANEOUS HERMAPHRODITES
66
67
occurs in species that are born as one sex but can change into the other sex. ex.: clown fish
SEQUENTIAL HERMAPHRODITES
68
Are male early in their lives and females later.
For example, clownfish are males early in adult development and become females as they grow larger
PROTANDROUS HERMAPHRODITES
69
Are female early in their lives and males later.
Wrasses for example, are females when smaller and become males as they grow larger
PROTOGYNOUS HERMAPHRODITES
70
Refers to the structural, functional, behavioral adaptations that improve chances of fertilization and/ or increase the survival rate of fertilization
REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY
71
The larva undergoes a drastic metamorphosis in order to achieve its adult stage.
It involves one or more larvae forms before the adult form is attained; occurs in aquatic animals, butterflies and frog.
INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT
72
Refers to the process of development in which an animal is born in a smaller version of its adult form.
There is no major transition in the form of the animal from infancy to maturity.
Animals that experience direct development may have a large amount of yolk in order to nourish the young, or the young may be fed directly by the mother's body.
DIRECT DEVELOPMENT
73
Usually occurs in aquatic environments where both eggs and sperm are released into the water. Happens during the process of spawning where one or several females release their eggs and the male(s) release sperm in the same area, at the same time. OCCURS OUTSIDE OF THE PARENT
EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
74
Aquatic animals like fish that gathers and release their eggs and sperm simultaneously in water these eggs are termed ‘pelagic’/ ‘free floating’.
BROADCAST SPAWNING
75
Lay eggs together in a type of a ‘nest’ which is then fertilized by the males.
DEMERSAL SPAWNING
76
The process of fertilization that occurs inside the body of an individual.
It occurs mostly in land animals.
To occur there needs to be a method for the introduction of male sperms into the female reproductive tract.
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
77
Fertilized eggs laid outside parent ex. fish, reptiles, amphibians, all birds
OVIPARITY
78
Fertilized eggs retained inside parent until hatching ex. sharks, lizards, snakes
OVOVIVIPARITY
79
Young born alive ex. mammals, some reptiles, some insects
VIVIPARITY
