3rd quiz psyc 360

Question 1

sensory memory

Answer 1

storage; iconic memory, echoic memory

Question 2

short term memory

Answer 2

Primary memory: focus of your consciousness, something you are thinking about

Question 3

long term memory

Answer 3

secondary memory: out of focus of your current consciousness, but you can recall it if you want

Question 4

aspects of short term memory

Answer 4

(1) Capacity & chunking (Miller, Magical # seven plus or minus two)
(2) Retrieval from STM (Sternberg)
(3) Coding (phonetic and visual)
(4) Forgetting (Decay & interference)
(a) Ebbinghaus
(b) Brown & Peterson, Proactive interference(PI), Release from PI
(5) Recall and recognition (serial position effect)
(6) Transferring
Rehearsal (Maintenance & elaborative)

Question 5

chunk

Answer 5

a unit in stm

Question 6

chunking

Answer 6

grouping of information

Question 7

parallel search

Answer 7

check all items at once RT is not affected by set size.

Question 8

serial search

Answer 8

check one item at a time RT increases as set size increases.

Question 9

self-terminating search

Answer 9

stop search when a target is found slope ratio between positive and negative trials is 1 to 2

Question 10

exhaustive search

Answer 10

continue search till the end of the list slope ratio is 1 to 1

Question 11

decay

Answer 11

forgetting is caused by decay of memory traces over time

Question 12

interference

Answer 12

forgetting is caused by other memories interfering with the retention of the target memory

Question 13

proactive interference (PI)

Answer 13

old items interfere with new items (negative transfer)

Question 14

retroactive interference (RI)

Answer 14

new items interfere with old items

Question 15

release from PI

Answer 15

reduction of PI due to change of category of memory items

Question 16

recognition

Answer 16

retrieval of information with cues (e.g., multiple choice test)

Question 17

recall

Answer 17

retrieval of information without cues (e.g., fill in the blanks, essay)

Question 18

serial recall

Answer 18

recall in the presented order

Question 19

free recall

Answer 19

order free recall recognition is usually better than recall.

Question 20

serial position effect

Answer 20

the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.

Question 21

primary effect

Answer 21

recall is better for items in the beginning of the list retrieval from LTM

Question 22

recency effect

Answer 22

recall is better for items in the end of the list retrieval from STM

Question 23

rehearsal prevention task

Answer 23

to use up short term memory prevent rehearsal
(e.g., backward counting. if the primary effect is due to retrieval from LTM and the recency effect is due to retrieval from STM, then a rehearsal prevention task should eliminate the recency effect without affecting the primary effect.)

Question 24

selective attention

Answer 24

items that receive selective attention are sent to STM

Question 25

STM

Answer 25

current focus of consciousness

Question 26

rehearsal

Answer 26

repetition of stimuli in STM

Question 27

Transfer learning

Answer 27

the more the stimuli are rehearsed, the more it is likely to be sent to LTM

Question 28

LTM

Answer 28

permanent storage of information

Question 29

retrieval

Answer 29

accessing LTM using cue (index) to get information

Question 30

filling cabinet analogy

Answer 30

LTM is like a filing cabinet, information in LTM is never lost (unless structural damage) Forgetting is not a loss of information but a loss of means of access (loss of index)

Question 31

controlled response

Answer 31

conscious behavior

Question 32

automatic (unconscious) processing

Answer 32

e.g., unconscious perception: GSR of prosopagnosic patients

Question 33

automatic response

Answer 33

unconscious behavior automatic processing and automatic response: e.g., Classical conditioning: fear conditioning: neutral stimulus associated with painful electric shock

Question 34

Information transfer from STM to LTM | 1. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model (Box model)

Answer 34

Rehearsal: the longer the information is kept in STM, the higher the likelihood that information is transferred from STM to LTM

Question 35

2. Levels of processing (Craik and Lockhart) The deeper the processing, the better the retention (1) Two types of rehearsal

Answer 35

Maintenance rehearsal: Shallower processing Just to keep information in the STM. e.g., phone # Elaborative rehearsal: Deeper processing To make association with existing information in LTM (To transfer information from STM to LTM)

Question 36

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 36

shallower processing just to keep information in the STM. e.g., phone #

Question 37

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 37

deeper processing to make association with existing information in LTM. (to transfer information from STM to LTM)

Question 38

structural (Case)

Answer 38

Is the word in capital letters? (Shallower processing)

Question 39

Phonetic (Rhyme)

Answer 39

does the word rhyme with WEIGHT?

Question 40

semantic (sentence)

Answer 40

would the word fit the sentence "he met a ___in the street."? (Deeper processing)

Question 41

contribution

Answer 41

challenge to the box model: memory process is not processing and transferring information from one box to another. memory process depends on how deeply information is analyzed.

Question 42

(1) difference between STM and WM. | STM:

Answer 42

usually emphasizes maintenance of information e.g., digit span

Question 43

(1) difference between STM and WM. | working memory:

Answer 43

manipulation and maintenance e.g., working memory span tasks

Question 44

central executive

Answer 44

Allocation of attentional, task management, etc

Question 45

phonological loop

Answer 45

maintenance of verbal information

Question 46

visuo-spatial sketchpad

Answer 46

maintenance of visuo-spatial information

Question 47

reading span task

Answer 47

a sentence is presented one at a time, and your task is to judge whether or not the sentence is grammatically correct. then remember the last word. after several sentences, you need to recall the words

Question 48

operation span task

Answer 48

an equation is presented one at a time, and your task is to judge whether or not the equation is correct. then remember a word after the equation. after several equations, you need to recall the words.

Question 49

N-back task

Answer 49

``` 1-back condition (k,s,s,m,r,t,l,l,a,p) 2-back condition (k,s,k,m,r,t,l,t,a,p) in n-back tasks, responses are required only when a stimulus matches one shown n trials before. the contents of working memory must be manipulated constantly as the target is updated on each trial. ```