3rd Shifting - LQ1 part 1 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
mutation in FOXP3 gene
A
AUTOIMMUNE ENTEROPATHY
2
Q
Clinical triad of Inflammatory polyp
A
o Rectal bleeding o Mucus discharge o Inflammatory lesion of anterior rectal wall
3
Q
most common form of Esophageal Fistula
A
Blind upper segment with fistula b/w lower segment and trachea (Type B)
3
Q
Characters of ulcers caused by HSV and CMV
A
HSV: punched-out ulcers CMV: shallower ulcerations
3
Q
Most common pathogenic parasitic infection in humans
A
Giardia lamblia
4
Q
Most common clinical symptoms of GERD/ Reflux Esophagitis
A
o Dysphagia o Heartburn o Noticeable regurgitation of sour-tasting gastric contents
4
Q
antibiotic- assoc. colitis / antibiotic-assoc. diarrhea is caused by?
A
C. difficile (PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS)
5
Q
Incomplete closure of the abdominal musculature leading to herniation of abdominal viscera into ventral membranous sac
A
Omphalocele
5
Q
Malformed submucosal and mucosal blood vessels
A
ANGIODYSPLASIA
6
Q
most common Gastric malignancy from extranodal lymphoma
A
extra-nodal marginal zone B-cell
6
Q
Lipid membrane defects in Abetalipoproteinemia
A
burr cells (presence of acanthocytic red cells)
6
Q
Requirement for the diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A
o Abdominal pain or discomfort at least 3 days per month over 3 months o Improvement w/ defecation o Change in stool frequency or form
7
Q
Examples of Hypertrophic gastropathies
A
Ménétrier disease Zollinger Ellison Syndrome
8
Q
Triad Symptoms of Achalasia
A
o Incomplete LES relaxation o Increased LES tone o Aperistalsis of the esophagus
8
Q
Inability to secrete triglyceride-rich lipoproteins
A
ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA
8
Q
Most common tumor of appendix
A
Carcinoid
9
Q
two phases of Intestinal responses to ischemia
A
Initial hypoxic injury Reperfusion injury
9
Q
Aka celiac sprue or gluten-sensitive enteropathy
A
CELIAC DISEASE
10
Q
pain caused by minor pelvic bleeding at time of ovulation
A
Mittelschmerz
12
Q
Meckel diverticulum occurs in the?
A
ileum
12
Q
Meckel diverticulum occurs as a result of failed involution of the
A
Vitelline Ducts
12
Q
congenital aganglionic megacolon
A
HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE
14
Q
most frequent site of GI ectopia
A
Inlet Patch (upper 3rd of esophagus)
15
Q
Present in tumors populated by immature cells derived from basal layer of transitional epithelium
A
Basaloid
16
Chronic condition of Inappropriate mucosal immune activation
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
17
upper esophageal webs accompanied by IDA, glossitis, and cheilosis
Paterson-Brown-Kelly or Plummer-Vinson syndrome
18
Acquired pseudo-diverticular outpouchings of colonic mucosa and submucosa
SIGMOID DIVERTICULITIS
19
Mutation in Abetalipoproteinemia
microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP)
19
Susceptibility genes in Crohn disease
NOD2 (nucleotide oligomerization binding domain 2) ATG16L1 (autophagy-related 16-like) IRGM (immunity-related GTPase M)
20
Presents w/ multiple GI hamartomatous polyps and mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation
PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME
21
Autoantibodies to enterocytes and goblet cells
AUTOIMMUNE ENTEROPATHY
21
Hallmark of Crohn disease
Noncaseating granulomas
23
large numbers of superficial intraepithelial eosinophils
EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS
24
Germline mutations in CDH1
Gastricadenocarcinoma
24
uncommon complication of Shigellosis
Reiter Syndrome
24
Most common tumors of the peritoneum
desmoplastic small round cell tumor
25
Exuberant reactive epithelial proliferation assoc. w/ entrapment of epithelial-lined cysts
Gastric Cystica
26
Morphologic alterations in celiac disease
Villous atrophy Increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) Epithelial proliferation with crypt elongation
27
gastric, duodenal, and esophageal ulcers arising in persons with intracranial disease
Cushing ulcers
28
Blood supply of the GIT
o Celiac artery o Superior mesenteric artery o Inferior mesenteric artery
29
most common cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis in N. America
V. parahaemolyticus
30
When present in the distal esophagus, above the gastroesophageal junction
A rings
31
Inherited mutations in genes that encode proteins responsible for the detection, excision, and repair of errors that occur during DNA replication
HEREDITARY NON-POLYPOSIS COLORECTAL CANCER (HNPCC) aka Lynch syndrome
32
Most common cause of Chronic Gastritis
H. pylori infection
34
Small patches of ectopic gastric mucosa in small bowel or colon
Gastric Heterotopia
34
Diagnostic requirements of GERD
1. Endoscopic evidence of abnormal mucosa above the gastroesophageal junction 2. Histologically documented intestinal metaplasia (goblet cells)
35
Second most common cause of pediatric diarrhea
Adenovirus
36
Presence of hamartomatous polyps of stomach, s. intestine, and colorectum
CRONKHITE-CANADA SYNDROME
38
tumor that rises from Barrett esophagus and long- standing GERD
Adenocarcinoma
38
Hallmark of Malabsorption
Steatorrhea
40
Giant cerebriform enlargement of rugal folds d/t epithelial hyperplasia w/o inflammation linked to excessive growth factor release
Hypertrophic gastropathies
40
Intestinal segments at the end of their respective arterial supplies are particularly susceptible
watershed zones
41
Genetic cause of HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE (familial cases)
receptor tyrosine kinase RET
41
Caused by failure of distal esophageal inhibitory neurons
Primary Achalasia
42
Gastritis that may progress to involve gastric body and fundus
Pangastritis
43
Most common cause of atrophic gastritis / without H. pylori infection
Autoimmune gastritis
44
Chronic, relapsing abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
45
Phases of Nutrient Absorption disrupted by Malabsorption
1. Intraluminal digestion 2. Terminal digestion 3. Transepithelial transport 4. Lymphatic transport of absorbed lipids
45
Most common bacterial enteric pathogen
C. jejuni
45
development of numerous mucosal lymphoid follicles is the characteristic of this disease
DIVERSION COLITIS
45
polyp that forms as part of solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
Inflammatory polyp
47
most common site of GI neoplasia
Colon
48
Distal esophageal rupture and mediastinitis (Catastrophic event)
Boerhaave syndrome
48
SMAD4 - Most common mutation
JUVENILE POLYPS
50
Morphologic signature of Ischemic Bowel Disease
Surface epithelial atrophy Normal or hyperproliferative crypts
52
result of epithelial or stromal cell hyperplasia, inflammation, ectopia, or neoplasia
Polyp
53
a cause of acquired megacolon disease
Chagas disease
54
Most common neoplastic polyp
Adenoma
55
Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis is also associated with what 2 diseases?
Turner syndrome and trisomy 18
57
Most common mesenchymal tumor of abdomen
GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR (GIST)
58
painful, bloody, small-volume diarrhea
Dysentery
60
part of stomach most commonly used for H. pylori biopsies
Antrum
62
name the 3 psuedodiverticulae associated at the esophagus
Zenker / Pharyngoesophageal Diverticulum Traction Diverticulum Epiphrenic Diverticulum
63
Whipple Disease caused by?
Tropheryma whippelii
65
Located at the squamocolumnar junction of the lower esophagus
B rings
66
Clinical Triad of Whipple Disease
diarrhea, weight loss, and malabsorption
68
Outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle contracts before the inner circular layer causing periodic short-lived esophageal obstruction
nutcracker esophagus
69
Assoc. w/ loss-of-function mutations in PTEN
COWDEN SYNDROME AND BANNAYAN-RUVACALBA-RILEY SYNDROME
71
T. cruzi causes destruction of myenteric plexus, failure of peristalsis, and esophageal dilatation
Secondary Achalasia
72
COMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC GASTRITIS
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE (PUD) MUCOSAL ATROPHY AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA DYSPLASIA GASTRITIS CYSTICA
73
Mutations of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene; At least 100 polyps necessary for diagnosis
FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS (FAP)
74
Dilated appendix filled w/ mucin
Mucocele
76
most common site of acquired diverticulae
sigmoid colon
76
Gastrin-secreting tumors (gastrinomas); Within stomach, most remarkable feature: doubling of oxyntic mucosal thickness d/t 5x increase in no. of parietal cells
Zollinger Ellison Syndrome
77
complications of fistulas
Aspiration Suffocation Pneumonia Severe Fluid & Electrolyte imbalances
78
Excessive secretion of TGF-α; hyperplasia of foveolar mucous cells
Ménétrier disease
79
Most common sites in Crohn Disease
terminal ileum, ileocecal valve, and cecum
81
Small patches of ectopic gastric mucosa in small bowel or colon that includes all three layers of the bowel wall
True Diverticulum
81
distinctive thickened folds covered by small nodules with central aphthous ulceration
Varioliform
83
Most common form of congenital intestinal atresia
Imperforate anus
85
Gastric cystica in Submucosa
gastritis cystica polyposa
86
Caused by gastric involvement by Crohn disease
Granulomatous Gastritis
87
Similar to webs, but circumferential and thicker
Esophageal/Schatzki rings
88
Result from dilation of superior hemorrhoidal plexus w/in distal rectum
Internal hemorrhoids
89
uncontrolled release of gastrin by a tumor and the resulting massive acid production causes multiple peptic ulcerations in stomach, duodenum, and jejunum
Zollinger Ellison Syndrome
91
Triad of sterile arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis
Reiter Syndrome
92
Flaccid paralysis and Autoimmune-induced inflammation of peripheral nerves due to C. jejuni
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
94
Uncommon forms of Gastritis
Reactive Gastropathy Eosinophilic Gastritis Lymphocytic (Varioliform) Gastritis Granulomatous Gastritis
96
longitudinal stripes of edematous erythematous mucosa alternating with less severely injured mucosa
Watermelon stomach
97
One of the most feared long-term complications of IBD
COLITIS-ASSOCIATED NEOPLASIA
99
Principal cause of traveler's diarrhea
ENTEROTOXIGENIC E. COLI (ETEC)
100
Malabsorption syndrome that occurs almost exclusively in people living in or visiting the tropics
TROPICAL SPRUE
102
Most useful diagnostic marker in GIST
c-KIT
103
o Alcohol-soluble fraction of gluten o Contains most of disease-producing components
Gliadin
104
Complication of chronic GERD
Barret's Esophagus
106
Presence of neutrophils above basement membrane in direct contact w/ epithelial cells
Active inflammation
107
Gastric cystica in Deeper layers of gastric wall
gastritis cystica profunda
108
Most common cause of severe childhood diarrhea and diarrheal mortality worldwide
Rotavirus
109
Uncommon ledge-like protrusions of mucosa
Esophageal mucosal webs
110
Characteristics of Autoimmune Gastritis
o Antibodies to parietal cells o Reduced serum pepsinogen I concentration o Antral endocrine cell hyperplasia o Vitamin B12 deficiency o Achlorhydria
111
presence of foamy macrophages and large numbers of argyrophilic rods in lymph nodes
Whipple Disease
112
Tumors of the Esophagus
Adenocarcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma
113
Dense fibrosis that may extend to involve mesentery; Aka idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis/Ormond disease
SCLEROSING RETROPERITONITIS
114
Most common malignancy of GIT
Adenocarcinoma
115
mural thickening is not present, the serosal surface is normal, and strictures do not occur
Ulcerative colitis
116
Longitudinal tears in the esophagus near the gastroesophageal junction
Mallory-Weiss tears
117
Hepatocytes replaced by macrophage aggregates
Typhoid nodules
