3RDQ MASTERY TEST 2 Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
culture is —, —, and —
A
dynamic, flexible and adaptive
2
Q
culture is — and —
A
shared and contested
3
Q
culture is learned and transmitted through — and —
A
socialization and enculturation
4
Q
culture is composed of — social interactions, — and at times —
A
patterned, integrated, unstable
5
Q
culture requires — and other forms of —
A
language, communication
6
Q
ethnocentrism comes from what language and what words
A
greek words: ethnos and kentron
7
Q
meaning of ethnos
A
nation
8
Q
meaning of kentron
A
center
9
Q
thinking that one’s own group ways are superior to others
A
ethnocentrism
10
Q
judging other groups as inferior to one’s own
A
ethnocentrism
11
Q
the storehouse of a culture
A
language
12
Q
ethnocentric views lead to
A
stereotyping
13
Q
major reason for divisions among members of different ethnicities, races, countries and religious groups in society
A
ethnocentrism
14
Q
generalizations about a group of people whereby we attribute a defined set of characteristics to this group
A
stereotype
15
Q
can be positive or negative
A
stereotype
16
Q
all societies and groups display certain amount of ethnocentrism but if done in —, it has a positive effect of promoting — and — within the group
A
moderation, SOLIDARITY, LOYALTY
17
Q
all societies and groups display certain amount of ethnocentrism (t/f)
A
true
18
Q
ethnocentrism done in moderation
A
collectivism - cultural pride and identity - important ingredients in nation building
19
Q
practice or principle of giving a group priority over individuals in it
A
collectivism
20
Q
ethnocentrism done in excess
A
conflict with groups considered inferior - oppression - genocide
21
Q
killing people from a specific culture
A
genocide
22
Q
state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion like direct territorial acquisition or gaining political and economic control of other territories and people
A
imperialism
23
Q
that cultures must be viewed and analyzed on their own terms in the context of their own social setting
A
cultural relativism
24
Q
no culture should be better than the other
A
cultural relativism
25
different cultures should be ---, ---, and --- rather than ---
accepted, tolerated, appreciated, condemned
26
cultural forms
tangible and intangible
27
tangible or
visible
28
examples of tangible forms
artifacts, monuments, buildings, landscapes, tools, relics, furniture, coins, bridges, etc.
29
intangible or
nonvisible
30
examples of intangible forms
knowledge, beliefs, values, rules of behavior, traditional skills and techniques, religious ceremonies, performing arts, story telling, etc.
31
all are considered --- according to the united nations educational and scientific and cultural organization (UNESCO)
cultural heritage
32
cultural threats
```
certain phenomenon (observable facts or events), lack of support, appreciation and understanding of
people
```
33
examples of certain phenomenon (observable facts or events)
● Globalization
● Technological revolution
● Cultural homogenization through the years
34
specially under threat are --- cultural
heritage; if it is not regularly practiced and learned
within communities and generations.
intangible
35
2 views of culture
ethnocentrism and cultural relativism
36
refers to a lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
socialization
37
it always takes place in specific context
socialization
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socialization is culturally specific because
- people socialize differently
- hold different beliefs and values
- behave in different ways
39
socialization and enculturation does not stop and are not ---
episodic
40
the 3 primary goals of socialization was outlined by
sociologist jeffrey arnett - “broad & narrow socialization”
41
the 3 primary goals of socialization
1 socialization teaches impulse control and help individual develop a conscience
2 socialization teaches individuals how to prepare for and perform social roles
3 socialization cultivates shared sources of meaning and value
42
process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire the values and behaviors appropriate and necessary in that culture
enculturation
43
factors that limits, direct or shape the individual
parents (immediate family), other adults, peers
44
influence can be
deliberate or not
45
what does successful enculturation result to
competence (language, values, rituals of the culture)
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what does unsuccessful enculturation result to
culture shock
47
reaction when one person’s culture is not congruent to the culture you grew up with
culture shock
48
effects of enculturation and socialization to an individual
identity formation
the establishment of norms and values
establishment of statuses and roles
49
fundamental to the establishment of social order in any society
norms
50
people are subjected to --- when they become part of society
norms
51
are culturally determined rules that guide people regarding what is right & wrong; proper or improper
norms
52
creates predictability in daily affairs and interactions, making it easier to live with other members of society
norms
53
examples of norms
wearing decent and appropriate clothes for a particular occasion or event, tact, and courtesy
54
standards people use to determine desirable goals and outcomes
values
55
criteria by which people base their judgement regarding behavior and decisions
values
56
used as parameters in separating what is considered normal and moral from taboo and predatory
values
57
examples of values
examples: utang na loob, industry, love for work
58
social or religious customs prohibiting discussion of a particular practice, person, place, or thing
taboo
59
examples of taboo
ex: pre-marital sex, extramarital affairs
60
seeking to exploit or oppress others
predatory
61
examples of predatory
ex: illegal activities, stealing false witnessing
62
any position that an individual can occupy in society
status
63
can be translated to money, power, or authority
status
64
not a rank but a label that implies certain roles that must be performed
status
65
one can hold several statuses at the same time like
student, singer, basketball fan, a daughter
66
requires divergent roles
status
67
two types of status
a. ascribed status
| b. achieved status
68
given at birth or assigned later in life
ascribed status
69
is acquired willfully and consciously through effort, talent, decisions, and accomplishments
achieved status
70
examples of ascribed status
examples: age, gender, ethnicity, membership in a family
71
2 processes that flow from enculturation and socialization
conformity and deviance
72
behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards
conformity
73
it is the desire to go along with the norms of a group of people so you will be accepted as an in-group person (and not rejected as an out-group undesirable person)
conformity
74
departing from usual or accepted standards, specially in social and sexual behavior
deviance
75
the study of deviance can be divided into:
1. the study of why people violate laws
2. the study on how society reacts to these violations which includes labelling process that comes to be recognized and accepted
76
what is deviant to one group may not be considered
| deviant to another because
deviance lies not just in behavior itself but in
the social responses of groups to the behavior of
others
77
a behavior that involves expected rules and norms
deviance
78
deviance is very evident in 3 ways:
1. it exist only in relation to cultural norms (determined rules)
2. people become deviant as others define them that way
3. both norms and the way events are defined are related to social powers through social control
79
not conformist means that the person is
deviator
80
mechanisms of social control on a deviate individual
labelling, gossip, law
81
formal codes of conduct
law
82
with intention of putting a deviant to shame
gossip
83
carried by the person in his entire life
labelling
84
questioning is different from
following
85
what is deviant to one group may not be considered
| deviant to another
variability of deviance
86
can vary or change
variability of deviance
87
first key concepts in the study of the origin of modern humans
biological evolution
88
refers to the changes, modification, and variation in the genetics and inherited traits of biological population from one generation to another
biological evolution
89
biological evolution studies what
- physical body of humans (basis are hair and teeth because they do not rot)
- the changes in size and shapes of their bones, brain, dentition, and fingers
- changes in posture and movement
- development of *bipedalism* or walking on two feet in an upright position
90
bipedalism meaning
walking on two feet in an upright position
91
what is the biological evolution based on
Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection by Charles Darwin
92
according to the theory of evolution and natural selection, evolution of species happens through the process of ...
natural selection
93
according to the theory of evolution and natural selection, species was not created at ...
one time in fixed form
94
in the hypothesis of darwin's natural selection, it stated that every species is made up of a ...
variety of individuals wherein some are better adapted to their environment compared to others
95
in the hypothesis of darwin's natural selection, it stated that organisms produce ...
descendants with different sets of traits that can be inherit
96
in the hypothesis of darwin's natural selection, it stated that organisms that have traits most suitable to their environment will ...
survive and transfer these traits to their off-springs in subsequent generations
97
group consisting of all modern humans and great apes (orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas)
hominid biological group
98
the biological family that includes our species: homo sapiens
hominid biological group
99
today, scientists use to talk about it as any of the great apes (including humans)
hominid biological group
100
sequence in the evolution of man
dryopithecus, australopithecus, homo habilis, homo erectus, homo sapiens
101
bodily characteristics of dryopithecus
- teeth are small more similar to those of modern chimps and
- has a slender protruding jaw
- walks on all-fours
102
bodily characteristics of australopithecus
- short and stocky with ape-like features (long arms, thick waistline, chimpanzees-like faces)
- their brain is closer in size to a chimpanzee
- they have small canine teeth and a body that stood on two legs (bipedaled) and regularly walk upright.
103
considered as one of the earliest members of the genus homo (human)
homo habilis
104
they have higher ability to learn and better at processing information
homo habilis
105
bodily characteristics of homo habilis
- it has larger braincase and smaller face and teeth
| - still has ape-like features (long arms, moderately prognathic face)
106
was a human of medium stature that walked upright
homo erectus
107
bodily characteristics of homo erectus
- the braincase is low, the forehead was receded, and the nose, jaws, and palate were wide
- the brain was smaller and teeth larger than in modern humans
108
bodily characteristics of homo sapiens
- have bodies with short slender trunks and long limbs
- skull is smaller and more compact and face is less elongated with higher forehead, less prominent brow-ridges, and smaller teeth
109
paleolithic age is aka
stone age
110
hominins grouped together in small societies and subsisted by gathering plants, fishing, hunting, and scavenging wild animals
paleolithic/stone age
111
species regarded as humans
hominis
112
characterized by the use of knapped or shaped stone tools and later wood bone tools
paleolithic/stone age
113
three divisions of paleolithic/stone age
1 the lower paleolithic age
2 the middle paleolithic age
3 the upper paleolithic age
114
marked the existence of the Homo Erectus
lower paleolithic age
115
they made tools for specific tasks like hand ax, and other stone tools
lower paleolithic age
116
marked the existence of Homo Sapiens
middle paleolithic age
117
they made more efficient tools allowing them to do anatomical labor like prying, lifting, holding, and pulling
middle paleolithic age
118
still Homo Sapiens continue to live during this period
upper paleolithic age
119
the blade of their tools was sharper and distinct tools were developed
upper paleolithic age
120
specialized tools increased ability to produce
upper paleolithic age
121
refers to the changes or developments in cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture
cultural or sociopolitical evolution
122
this period started the rapid growth in population and the exploration of new economic activities
upper paleolithic age
123
this happens as a result of human adaptation to different factors (climate change, technological
innovations, population increase)
cultural or sociopolitical evolution
124
refers to the changes or development in cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture
cultural evolution
125
cultural evolution leads to
sociopolitical dimensions of humankind
126
who and what work described the 7 stages of cultural evolution
american nnthropologist lewis henry morgan’s masterwork “ancient society (1877)
127
the 7 stages of cultural evolution
- lower savagery
- middle savagery
- upper savagery
- lower barbarism
- middle barbarism
- upper barbarism
- civilization
128
time of fundamental change
the neolithic revolution or new stone age revolution
129
period when food production started
the neolithic revolution or new stone age revolution
130
the neolithic revolution or new stone age revolution lead to what
agricultural development
131
reason of war
survival
132
3 cits of civilization
egypt's nile river, mesopotamia, indus valley
133
where civilization started in egypt
nile river
134
modern day iraq
mesopotamia
135
pakistan and india
indus valley
136
person who lives in a city
latin word civis
137
urban community in which one dwells
latin word civits
138
from what words does civilization come from
latin words civis and civits
139
refers to societies in which large numbers of people live in cities
civilization
140
governed by a ruling elite who work through a centrally organized political system called state
civilization
141
ruling elite who work through a centrally organized political system
state
142
basis of civilization
land size and population
143
four basic changes that marked the transition from
| neolithic village life to life in the first urban center
1 agricultural innovation
2 diversification of labor
3 social stratification
4 central government
144
process of concentrating on and becoming expert in a particular subject or skill
specialization
145
the emergence of social classes
social stratification
146
headed by the governing elite
central government
147
saw to it that different groups (farmers and craftsman) provided their respective services and did not infringe on one another
central government
148
ensured safety from enemies: built high walls, raised an army, imposed and collected taxes, surplus food were stored
central government
149
earliest form of government
1 king as single ruler
2 emperor or head of government
3 priests
150
example of king as single ruler
king of babylon - code of hammurabi
151
example of emperor or head of government
inca ancient civilization of peru
152
regarded emperor a divine son of the sun god
inca ancient civilization of peru
153
under him are the following: royal family, aristocracy, imperial administrators, lower nobility, masses of artisans, craftsman and farmers
inca ancient civilization of peru
154
in india, he is the head of government
brahmin
155
building of political institutions, common interests and new forms of legitimation
democratization
156
requirements of democratization
- building political parties and alliances capable of establishing credible national agenda and control of the military
- making security force accountable to electoral representatives (government officials and people)
157
democratization crafts a --- that will seem fair, open, and in the interest of all sectors of society (voting, rules, distribution of power, check on arbitrary actions, etc)
constitutional arrangement
158
emerges from the “political clash - compromise - consensus building”
democratization
159
significant concentration of economic and political power lies in the hands of a few or a single person
authoritarianism
160
government of the people, by the people, for the people
democracy
161
highest human achievement in political development because it gives the people a collective voice in the art of governance
democracy
162
the most popular form of deviance is the
commitment of crime and crimes are varied: from petty crime to serious ones
163
societal reaction to deviant behavior suggest that --- actually create deviance by making the rules and applying these rules to particular people and labeling them as ---
social groups; outsiders
