4, 5, 7

Question 1

Measurement of inhaled and exhaled carbon dioxide

Answer 1

Capnography

Question 2

Inflamation and consolidation in the lungs

Answer 2

Pneumonia

Question 3

Slowing of flow

Answer 3

Stasis

Question 4

Blood clot and inflammation of a vessel

Answer 4

Thrombophlebitis

Question 5

A thrombus or clot that travels and lodges elsewhere in the body

Answer 5

Embolus

Question 6

M- h- is it a rare complication of general anesthetic agents: halothane, isoflurane, enflurane & succinylcholine. The biochemical reaction and genetically predisposed people.
Signs and symptoms-
A late sign is -
What is the drug of choice to treat the condition?

Answer 6

-Malignant hyperthermia
-High temperature, cardiac dysrhythmia, rigidity of the jaw or other muscles, hypotension, tachypena, and dark-cola colored urine.
-A late sign is an extremely high temperature of up to 111.2
-Dantrolene

Question 7

medications such as NSAIDs, tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and corticosteroids; what do these relive

Answer 7

adjuvant; neuropathic pain

Question 8

associated with pain stimuli from either somatic (body tissue) or visceral (organ) structures

Answer 8

nociceptive pain

Question 9

point where pain is recieved

Answer 9

pain threshold

Question 10

length of time or the intensity of pain a person will endure before outwardly responding to it

Answer 10

pain tolerance

Question 11

Physiologic structure: cutaneous or superficial: skin and subcutaneous tissues; Deep somatic: bone, muscle, blood vessels, connective tissue
Characteristics: sharp, burning, dull, aching, cramping
Sources of acute postoperative pain: incisional pain, pain at insertion sites of tubes and drains, wound complications, orthopedic procedures, skeletal muscle tissue
Sources of chronic pain syndromes: Bony metastases, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, low back pain, peripheral vascular disease

Answer 11

Somatic pain

Question 12

Physiologic: organs and the linings of the body cavities
Characteristics: poorly localized; diffuse, deep cramping or splitting, sharp, stabbing
Sources of acute postop pain: chest tubes, abdominal tubes and drains, bladder distention or spasms, intestinal distention
Sources of chronic pain: pancreatitis, liver metastases, colitis, appendicitis

Answer 12

Visceral pain

Question 13

Physiologic: peripheral and central nerve fibers, spinal cord, and central nervous system
Characteristics: poorly localized; shooting, burning, fiery, shocklike, sharp, painful, numbness
Sources of Acute postop pain: postmastectomy pain, nerve compression or injury caused by a surgical procedure
Sources of chronic pain: HIV-related pain, diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, chemotherapy-induced neuropathies, multiple sclerosis

Answer 13

Neuropathic pain

Question 14

Transduction, Transmission, Perception, Modulation

Answer 14

Pain processes associated with nociceptive pain

Question 15

Which pain process begins when tissue damage causes the release of substances that stimulate the nociceptors and initiate the sensation of pain

Answer 15

transduction

Question 16

Which pain process involves the movement of the pain sensation to the spinal cord

Answer 16

transmission

Question 17

Which pain process occurs when impulses reach the brain and the pain is recognized

Answer 17

perception

Question 18

Which pain process occurs when neurons in the brain send signals back down the spinal cord by the release of neurotransmitter

Answer 18

modulation

Question 19

Theoretical models of pain include: g_ c_ t_,

Answer 19

gate control theory

Question 20

-__ : removal or destruction of

Answer 20

-lysis

Question 21

-__: to furnish with an outlet

Answer 21

-ostomy

Question 22

-__: cutting into

Answer 22

-otomy

Question 23

-__: fixation, anchoring in place

Answer 23

-pexy

Question 24

What may be given before surgery to stimulate red blood cell production -E__ a__

Answer 24

Epoetin alfa

Question 25

H__, a bloodless surgical technique where several units of pt's book are removed and replaced with crystalloids or colloids to expand vascular volume. This decreases blood viscosity, improves oxygen transport, and minimizes red blood cell loss if bleeding does occur

Answer 25

hemodilution

Question 26

This organ involved in synthesizing clotting factors, producing albumin, and metabolizing and detoxifying drugs

Answer 26

liver

Question 27

NSAIDs work by blocking _

Answer 27

the production of nociceptor triggers

Question 28

this drug class works by blocking the nociceptor triggers

Answer 28

NSAIDs

Question 29

when is Epoetin alfa given, and why what might they avoid

Answer 29

before surgery to stimulate red blood cell production for a bloodless surgery blood transfusion

Question 30

what types of drugs make pt more prone to excessive bleeding

Answer 30

aspirins, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory, and anticoagulants

Question 31

corticosteroids reduce the body's response to what they delay what

Answer 31

infection and delay the healing process

Question 32

asians + atropen =

Answer 32

tachycardia

Question 33

type of surgery that procedural/conscious sedation (PSA- procedural sedation and analgesia) would be used advantages

Answer 33

-surgery of short duration where unconsciousness isn't wanted -used in combination with local, spinal, or nerve blocks to enhance pt comfort -rapid reversal -pt unaware but can breath on their own little n/v amnesia of surgery

Question 34

neruologic assessment includes

Answer 34

loc orientation sensory and motor status size, equality and reactivity of pupils

Question 35

Aldrete scoring system used to determine this

Answer 35

determine readiness of transfer out of PACU

Question 36

if any area of the lung remains atelectatic for more than 72 hours, what is likely to occur from retained secretions

Answer 36

hypostatic pneumonia

Question 37

if postop pt is in pain but it is to early for pain med, what should be the next step

Answer 37

check bladder for distention comfort measures distraction and imagery

Question 38

pts most at risk for dehiscence and evisceration

Answer 38

diabetic obese malnourished dehydrated have a malignancy experienced multiple traumas to abdomen or have an infected wound

Question 39

what is the type of phantom pain

Answer 39

neuropathic

Question 40

four pain processes

Answer 40

transduction transmission perception modulation

Question 41

somatic pain associated with pain stimuli from either _ or _ structures

Answer 41

somatic: the body or visceral: organ

Question 42

four pain processes: conscious experience of pain

Answer 42

perception

Question 43

four pain processes: neurons in brain send signals back down the spinal cord by release of neurotransmitters

Answer 43

modulation

Question 44

four pain processes: action potential continues from -site of injury to spinal cord -spinal cord to brainstem and thalamus -thalamus to cortex for processing

Answer 44

transmission

Question 45

four pain processes: noxious stimuli cause cell damage with release of sensitizing chemicals: -prostaglandins -bradykinin -serotonin -substance P -histamine these substances activate nociceptors and lead to generation of action potential

Answer 45

trandsduction

Question 46

analgesics and opioids usually do not relieve which type of pain

Answer 46

neuropathic

Question 47

what typs of meds relieve neuropathic pain

Answer 47

adjuvant meds: NSAIDs, tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids