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VMCB 121 Lecture > 4: Bacterial Taxonomy > Flashcards

4: Bacterial Taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

science that studies organisms in order to arrange them into groups

A

taxonomy - Greek “taxis” arrangement or order, “nomis” law or “nemein” to distribute or govern

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1
Q

3 separate but interrelated areas of taxonomy

A
  • classification - arranging organisms into similar or related groups for easy identification
  • identification - characterizing organisms
  • nomenclature - system of assigning names to organisms
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2
Q

importance of bacterial taxonomy

A
  • organize huge amounts of knowledge
  • predictions and frame hypotheses about
    organisms
  • places organisms into meaningful, useful groups, with precise names, thus facilitating scientific communication
  • accurate identification of organisms
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3
Q

1866, proposed the Kingdom Protista to include both organisms lacking a nucleus and simple nucleated organisms

A

Ernst Haeckel

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4
Q

proposed the current definition of prokaryotes

A

Rofer Stanier

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4
Q

1937, introduced the term prokaryote to distinguish cells with no nucleus

A

Edward Chatton

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5
Q

most widely accepted system of classification

A

five-kingdom system (Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista (single-celled eukaryotes), and Prokaryotae (Monera)

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6
Q

who proposed the five-kingdom system

A

Robert Harding Whittaker, 1969

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7
Q

enumerate the who proposed who and the name of the kingdoms:
- three kingdoms
- five kingdoms
- six kingdoms
- three domains

A
  • three kingdoms - Haeckel; Protista, Plantae, Animalia
  • five kingdoms - Whittaker; Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae
  • six kingdoms - Woese; Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
  • three domains - Woese
    - Domain Bacteria: Bacteria
    - Domain Archaea: Archaebacteria
    - Domain Eukarya: Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals
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8
Q

the naming of microorganisms according to established rules and guidelines, provides the accepted labels by which organisms are
universally recognized

A

nomenclature

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9
Q

body that governs bacterial nomenclature

A

International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology

(published in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology)

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10
Q
  • introduced the binomial system of nomenclature
  • established a hierarchy of taxonomic ranks
  • two kingdoms: Plant and Animal
A

Carolus Linnaeus

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11
Q
  • the casual or common name which varies from country to country and is in the local language
  • e.g., as ‘typhoid bacillus’ and ‘gonococcus’
A

casual or common name

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12
Q
  • same throughout the world usually of two words, the first being the name of the genus and the second the specific epithet
  • genus (Latin) species (specific epithet, adjective or noun indicating some property of the same species)

e.g., Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus - small rods
anthracis - anthrax bacteria

!!! all scientific names in Latin or latinized
genus is always capitalized

A

scientific or international name

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13
Q
  • basic taxonomic group or standard taxonomical unit
  • considered to be a group of morphologically similar organisms that are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring
A

species

!!! taxonomic hierarchies are arranged in a hierarchical manner

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14
Q

2 original bases of bacterial species

A

phenotypic and genotypic differences

15
Q
  • a collection of strains that share many stable properties and differ significantly
    from other groups of strains
A

[bacterial] species

16
Q

a population of organisms that descends from a single organism or pure culture isolate

A

strain

17
Q

3 types of strain

A

biovars - strains that differ biochemically or physiologically

morphovars - differ morphologically

serovars - differ in antigenic properties

** the type strain is usually the first studied and characterized strain of a species

18
Q

7 bacterial identification methods

A
  • cellular morphology
  • staining characteristics
  • motility
  • growth characteristics
  • biochemical characteristics
  • serological tests
  • genetic analysis using nucleic acid probes and other molecular techniques (e.g. PCR)
19
Q
  • provides identification schemes schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea
  • morphology, differential staining, biochemical tests
A

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

20
Q
  • provides phylogenetic information on bacteria and archaea
  • based on rRNA sequencing
A

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology

21
Q

5 classification systems

A

conventional classification
intraspecies classification
phenetic systems/Adansonian classification
phylogenetic classification
genetic approach

22
Q

a classification system based on features like cell shape, size, morphology, staining behavior, sensitivity, etc.

A

conventional classification

23
Q

3 examples of conventional classification for clinical laboratory identification

A

morphological characteristics - for identifying eukaryotes

differential staining - gram and acid-fast

biochemical tests - presence of bacterial enzymes

24
Q

type of classification system for classification within species

A

intraspecies classification

25
Q

4 bases for the subtypes of bacterial species in intraspecies classification

A

biochemical properties (biotypes)
antigenic features (serotypes)
bacteriophage susceptibility (phage types)
production of bacteriocins (colicin types)

26
Q

a intraspecies classification method involving Involves reactions of microorganisms with specific antibodies

  • for determining the identity of strains and species
A

serology or serotyping
e.g., slide agglutination test

27
Q

type of classification system wherein organisms are grouped based on overall similarity of phenotypes and can reveal evolutionary relationships

A

phenetic/Adansonian classification

28
Q

a phenetic/Adansonian classification wherein Information about the properties of an organism is converted to a form suitable
for numerical analysis

A

numerical taxonomy

29
Q

how to calculate the % similarity between strains

A

%S = [ (NS) / (NS-ND) ] * 100

NS- no. of same characteristics
ND - no. of different characteristics

30
Q

identify the following in numerical taxonomy:
- organisms with great similarity are grouped into what?
- treelike diagram used to display the results of numerical taxonomic analysis
- a bacterial species have how much percentage of similarity between answer in first question

A

phenoms
dendrogram
80%

31
Q

a classification system that group organisms based on probable evolutionary relationships

A

phylogenetic classification

32
Q

2 advantages and 1 disadvantage of phylogenetic classification

A

Advantages:
- can be applied to extinct species
- considers information about relationships among organisms learned from DNA analysis

Disadvantage:
- evolutionary histories are not known for all species

33
Q

5 DNA and RNA based methods as genetic approach to taxonomy (primarily for classification rather than identification)

A
  • G+C content comparisons
  • PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
  • rRNA sequencing
  • DNA fingerprinting by restriction fragment length polymorphism, or RFLP
  • nucleic acid hybridization
34
Q

a DNA and RNA based taxonomic method used in DNA homology studies by determining the melting temperature of DNA

A

G+C content comparisons

35
Q

a DNA and RNA based taxonomic method used to determine genetic similarities through the number and sizes of DNA fragments (fingerprints) produced by restriction enzyme (RE) digests

A

DNA fingerprinting

36
Q

in DNA fingerprinting, the presence or identification of an organism is indicated by what

A

amplified DNA

** PCR can be used to amplify a small amount of microbial DNA in a sample

37
Q
  • complimentary single-stranded DNAs or RNAs are allowed to combine resulting to HYBRIDS
A

nucleic acid hybridization

VMCB 121 Lecture (5 decks)

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