4-C: Diversity And Classification Flashcards
(27 cards)
Define species
A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
Explain the role of courtship in breeding (4)
- recognising members of their own species
- identify a mate that is capable of breeding
- form a pair bond
- synchronise mating
Why is it important that organisms can recognise members of their own species?
So that they ensure they produce fertile offspring
Why is it important that organisms can identify a mate that is capable of breeding?
To avoid wasting time and energy without producing offspring, they may not be sexually mature and receptive
Why is it important that organisms form a pair bond when mating
Staying together allows many generations of offspring to be produced, and be better provided for.
Why is it important that organisms can synchronise mating:
To have maximum chance of egg and sperm meeting
Define phylogeny (phylogenetic classification):
The classification of organisms by evolutionary relationships so that every group shares a common ansestor
Describe active classification
-Based on observable characteristics
- does not express the relationships between species
- butterfly/ bird wings= same function, different evolutionary origins
Describe the history of classification
-1700: Linnaeus- several hierarchical categories, living into animals or plants
- 1990: Woese- ‘3 domain system’
- Cavalier-smith- rejected Woese, 6 kingdom
- now: 3 domain classification
Describe the 3 domain Classification system
- living organisms: Prokaryotes/ eukaryotes
- Domains: bacteria, Archaea/eukarya
- Kingdoms: animalia, plantae, fungi, protista
Name the 8 groups in classification hierarchy:
King prawn curry or fat greasy sausages
- Domain
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
What do two separate species need to be in order to inter-breed?
Be in the same genus
Describe the criteria for the binomial naming system (4), and describe its advantages:
- genus, species
- italics
- Genus (cap)
- species (lower case)
- universal system
Define artificial classification:
- ## based on observable characteristics
Explain hierarchical classification (taxonomy):
- no overlap
- groups within groups
What are 5 aspects of fruit fly courtship and how does it know what to do?
- male dances- vibrates wings
- licks female genitalia
- song
- tapping
- orientating
male is controlled by genes specific to its species
Why are there issues with phylogenetic classification?
- incomplete fossil records
- incomplete biochemical records
Define biodiversity
The variety of different living organisms that can be found within a habitat
Define genetic diversity
Differences in DNA among individuals
Define species diversity, richness and evenness
- variety of different species in a given area
- no. Different species per habitat
- no. Individuals per species
What do hedgerows do for biodiversity (1) and why is it important? (5)?
- habitat
- food source
- shelter
- increase biodiversity
- reduces need for insecticides
- prevents erosion/acts as a windbreak
What are the 4 ways of investigating diversity between species?
comparison of:
- observable characteristics: determined by genes/environment
- DNA base sequences: tag bases with fluorescence, analysis between species
- mRNA sequences: use to find DNA sequence, measure diversity
- comparison of amino acids sequences: determined by mRNA which turns into DNA, how similar between species determines relationship
What is the formula for estimated population size?
No. 1st sample+ no. 2nd sample/
No. Marked animals in second sample
What are the 3 techniques to sample motile animals?
- pit-fall trap
- sweep net
- pooters
