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Biology of Cells > 4. Cell Architecture > Flashcards

4. Cell Architecture Flashcards

1
Q

Name functions (6) of the cytoscaffold?

A
  • Cell polarity.
  • Chromosome movement.
  • Shape.
  • Strength.
  • Anchoring.
  • Motility.
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2
Q

What kind of cell movement (5) does the cytoscaffold facilitate?

A
  • Crawling.
  • Chemokinesis.
  • Chemotaxis.
  • Endocytosis.
  • Exocytosis.
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3
Q

What does CHEMOKINESIS mean?

A

Increased nondirectional activity of cells due to the presence of a chemical.

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4
Q

What does CHEMOTAXIS mean?

A

Organised/directional movement in response to chemical.

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5
Q

What are the types (3) of cytoscaffolds?

A
  • Microtubules.
  • Microfilaments.
  • Intermediate filaments.
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6
Q

How many strands (protofilaments) do INTERMEDIATE filaments contain?

A

8

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7
Q

What proteins do INTERMEDIATE filaments contain?

A
  • Keratin.
  • Vimentin.
  • Desmin.
  • Lamins.
  • GFAP.
  • Neurofilament.
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8
Q

What is KERATIN?

A

A scleroprotein that forms intermediate filaments.

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9
Q

What is a SCLEROPROTEIN?

A

Protein characterized by its insoluble structure - is not degraded by hydrolytic enzymes.

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10
Q

What is a HYDROLYTIC enzyme?

A

Catalysis hydrolysis.

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11
Q

What is VIMENTIN?

A

A protein that co-polymerizes with other subunits (desmin) to form the intermediate filaments.

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12
Q

What is DESMIN?

A

A protein that co-polymerizes with other subunits (vementin) to form the intermediate filaments.

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13
Q

What is GFAP?

A

Glial fibrillary acidic protein - accessory protein of Intermediate filaments.

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14
Q

What is LAMIN?

A

A protein that forms intermediate filaments.

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15
Q

What is NEUROFILAMENT?

A

Element that forms a neural fibril intermediate filament.

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16
Q

What is the diameter of a intermediate filament?

A

10 nanometres.

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17
Q

How are MICROFILAMENTS formed?

A

Treadmilling.

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18
Q

What does TAU PROTEIN do?

A

Regulates microtubules.

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19
Q

What do TAU AGGREGATES cause?

A

HYPER-phosphorylation > can lead to altzeimers.

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20
Q

What forms a MICROTUBULE dimer?

A

Alpha and beta tubulin sub-units.

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21
Q

Which type of cytoscafold forms parts of the AXONEME?

A

MICROTUBULE.

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22
Q

What type of cytoscafold is responsible for spindle formation?

A

MICROTUBULIN

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23
Q

How many strands (protofilaments) do MICROTUBULES contain?

A

13

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24
Q

What kind of axonal transport are there?

A
  • ANTEROGRADE.
  • RETROGRADE.
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25
What **motor protein** is responsible for **RETROGRADE** axonal transport?
**KINESIN**
26
What motor **protein** is responsible for **RETROGRADE** axonal transport?
**DYNEIN**
27
What processes is **KINESIN** important for?
* **Microtubule formation**. * Mitosis.
28
What is the **SLIDING TUBULE MECHANISM**?
**Actin and myosin** filaments slide in and out between each other to form a **muscle contraction**.
29
What is the function of **NEXIN** (protein) **LINKS**?
Preventing microtubules in **axonemes** from movement.
30
What is the **9+2** formation?
The formation of **microtubule doublets** in an axoneme.
31
What causes movement in **CILIA** and **FLAGELLA**?
Sliding tubule mechanism.
32
What is the monomer of a **MICROFILAMENT**?
**GLOBULAR ACTIN**
33
Which cytoscafold protein complex is required for **cell movement**?
**MICROFILAMENTS**
34
Which cytoscaffold protein complex has a **contractile** nature?
**MICROFILAMENTS**
35
What (2) ways can **MICROFILAMENTS** be arranged?
* Parallel bundles. * Criss-cross.
36
What are the (3) possible **modifications** that can be made to a cytoscafold protein complex?
* Cross-Links. * Cutting. * **Binding** Proteins.
37
How many strands (protofilaments) do **MICROFILAMENTS** contain?
**7**
38
What is required for membranes to **fuse**?
**GTP** energy
39
What is **GTP**?
Guanasine triphosphate.
40
What **processes** does GTP provide energy for?
* Transcription. * Translation. * Membrane fusion.
41
How does **snake venom** work?
It is a **PHOSPHOLIPASE** \> destroys the link between fatty acid tails.
42
What is a **GLYCOCALYX**?
**Glycoprotein, polysaccharide** surrounding bacteria and some epithelial surfaces.
43
What is the importance of **CHOLESTEROL** within a plasma membrane?
Keeps **membranes** fluid (acts like a temp and pH buffer)
44
What percentage of the plasma membrane is cholesterol?
20%
45
What is a **CYTOKINE**?
Intercellular **mediators of immune responses**.
46
Name the (5) different types of **CYTOKINE**?
* Chemokine. * Interferon. * Interleukine. * Lymphokine. * **Tumour necrosis factor**.
47
What does **CHEMOKINE** mean?
Group of small cytokines with the ability to **induce chemotaxis** or **chemokinesis**.
48
What does **TRANSLOCATION** mean?
Change of location.
49
What does **INTRALUMINAL** mean?
Within lumen of tube.
50
What are **LEUKOCYTES**?
White blood cells.
51
What is **ACTIN**?
Contractile protein filament, containing 'active' or 'binding' sites.
52
What are the (4) **motility processes**?
* Gel-sol transitions. * Lamelipodial extentions. * Actin-myosin interactions. * Focal adhesions.
53
What are **MYOSIN 1**?
Motor protein for **moving membranes**.
54
What is **MYOSIN 2**?
Motor protein for **muscle contractions**.
55
What is **INTEGRIN**?
Transmembrane proteins **involved** in **cell adhesion,** **motility** and in **signal transmission.**
56
What is **FIBRONECTIN**?
**Glycoprotein** that connects **INTEGRIN** to the **ECM**.
57
What is a **MYOFIBRIL**?
Cylindrical organelle running the length of the **muscle fibre**, containing Actin and Myosin filaments.
58
What is a **SARCOMERE**?
Functional **unit of the Myofibril,** divided into bands (**I**, **A** and **H**)
59
What is **TROPOMYOSIN**?
**Actin-binding** protein which regulates muscle contraction.
60
What is **TROPONIN**?
A complex of **three proteins**, attached to Tropomyosin.
61
What are **MYOSINS**?
Motor proteins, containing **MYOSIN HEADS**.
62
What is the **RATCHET** MECHANISM?
Repeated pulling of the actin over the myosin during muscle contraction.

Biology of Cells (6 decks)

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