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Chemistry Paper One > 4. Chemical Changes > Flashcards

4. Chemical Changes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the volume of one mole of any gas at room temperature and pressure?

A

24 dm3

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2
Q

What do equal amounts in moles of gases occupy under the same conditions of temperature and pressure?

A

The same volume.

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3
Q

How can the volumes of gaseous reactants and products be calculated?

A

From the balanced equation for the reaction.

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4
Q

What is the relationship between a metal’s reactivity and its tendency to form positive ions?

A

The reactivity of a metal is related to its tendency to form positive ions.

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5
Q

What happens when metals react with oxygen?

A

They produce metal oxides and undergo oxidation reactions by gaining oxygen.

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6
Q

Which metals are included in the reactivity series?

A

Potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, and copper.

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7
Q

What can a more reactive metal do to a less reactive metal?

A

Displace it from a compound.

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8
Q

What is required to explain reduction and oxidation in terms of?

A

Loss or gain of oxygen.

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9
Q

What is the focus of the study of chemical changes?

A

To predict new substances formed from chemical reactions.

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10
Q

What are students expected to calculate regarding gases at room temperature and pressure?

A

The volume from its mass and relative formula mass.

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11
Q

What should students be able to do with a balanced equation and a given volume of a gaseous reactant?

A

Calculate volumes of gaseous reactants and products.

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12
Q

What is the significance of understanding chemical changes in biochemistry?

A

It helps to understand complex reactions in living organisms.

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13
Q

What is the limitation for reactions of metals with water and acids in this context?

A

They are limited to room temperature and do not include reactions with steam.

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14
Q

What skills are developed through mixing reagents in chemistry?

A

Exploring chemical changes and/or products.

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15
Q

What is the importance of systematic experimentation in chemistry?

A

It allows for logical organization of results and predictions about new substances.

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16
Q

How can students deduce an order of reactivity of metals?

A

Based on experimental results.

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17
Q

What is the role of the reactivity series in chemistry?

A

To arrange metals in order of their reactivity.

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18
Q

What are the two non-metals often included in the reactivity series?

A

Hydrogen and carbon.

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19
Q

What does the study of chemical changes help in the extraction of?

A

Important resources from the earth.

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20
Q

What mathematical skills should students be able to use in chemistry?

A

Use ratios, fractions, percentages, and change the subject of equations.

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21
Q

What is the significance of the balanced equation in gas volume calculations?

A

It allows for the calculation of volumes of gaseous reactants and products.

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22
Q

What is the general outcome of chemical reactions studied in chemistry?

A

The formation of new substances.

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23
Q

What are unreactive metals found as in the Earth?

A

Unreactive metals such as gold are found in the Earth as the metal itself.

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24
Q

How can metals less reactive than carbon be extracted from their oxides?

A

They can be extracted by reduction with carbon.

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25
What does reduction involve in chemical reactions?
Reduction involves the loss of oxygen.
26
What should students be able to identify regarding oxidation and reduction?
Students should be able to identify the substances that are oxidised or reduced in terms of gain or loss of oxygen.
27
What is oxidation in terms of electrons?
Oxidation is the loss of electrons.
28
What is reduction in terms of electrons?
Reduction is the gain of electrons.
29
What type of equations should students be able to write for displacement reactions?
Students should be able to write ionic equations.
30
In redox reactions involving acids, what do acids produce when they react with metals?
Acids react with some metals to produce salts and hydrogen.
31
What are the specific metals students should focus on when studying reactions with acids?
Students should focus on magnesium, zinc, and iron when studying reactions with hydrochloric and sulfuric acids.
32
What happens when acids are neutralised by alkalis or bases?
They produce salts and water, and by metal carbonates, they produce salts, water, and carbon dioxide.
33
What determines the particular salt produced in a reaction between an acid and a base?
It depends on the acid used and the positive ions in the base, alkali, or carbonate.
34
What is the process for making soluble salts from acids?
Soluble salts can be made by reacting acids with solid insoluble substances until no more reacts, then filtering off the excess solid.
35
What is the purpose of crystallising salt solutions?
Crystallising salt solutions produces solid salts.
36
What practical activity is required to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt?
The preparation involves using a Bunsen burner to heat dilute acid and a water bath or electric heater to evaporate the solution.
37
What ions do acids produce in aqueous solutions?
Acids produce hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solutions.
38
What ions do aqueous solutions of alkalis contain?
Aqueous solutions of alkalis contain hydroxide ions (OH-).
39
What are the two types of reactions that produce salts from acids?
Acids react with alkalis and carbonates to produce salts.
40
What is the significance of the positive ions in the base or alkali during acid reactions?
The positive ions determine the specific type of salt produced.
41
What should students be able to predict from given reactants in acid-base reactions?
Students should be able to predict the products.
42
What is the role of excess solid in the preparation of soluble salts?
The excess solid is filtered off to produce a solution of the salt.
43
What skills are covered by the practical activity of preparing soluble salts?
The practical activity covers AT skills 2, 3, 4, and 6.
44
What is the focus of knowledge regarding the extraction of metals?
Knowledge is limited to the reduction of oxides using carbon.
45
What does the pH scale measure?
The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
46
What is the pH value of a neutral solution?
A neutral solution has a pH of 7.
47
What pH values indicate acidic and alkaline solutions?
Acidic solutions have pH values less than 7, while alkaline solutions have pH values greater than 7.
48
What occurs during the neutralisation reaction between an acid and an alkali?
Hydrogen ions react with hydroxide ions to produce water.
49
What is the purpose of using a universal indicator?
A universal indicator is used to measure the approximate pH of a solution.
50
What is the process of titration used for?
Titration is used to measure the volumes of acid and alkali solutions that react with each other.
51
Which strong acids are typically used in titrations?
Sulfuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids are used in titrations.
52
What is a strong acid?
A strong acid is completely ionised in aqueous solution.
53
Give examples of strong acids.
Examples of strong acids include hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid.
54
What is a weak acid?
A weak acid is only partially ionised in aqueous solution.
55
Give examples of weak acids.
Examples of weak acids include ethanoic acid, citric acid, and carbonic acid.
56
How does the strength of an acid relate to its pH?
For a given concentration, the stronger an acid, the lower the pH.
57
What happens to hydrogen ion concentration as pH decreases by one unit?
As pH decreases by one unit, the hydrogen ion concentration increases by a factor of 10.
58
What are electrolytes?
Electrolytes are liquids or solutions that can conduct electricity due to free-moving ions.
59
What happens during electrolysis?
During electrolysis, ions move to the electrodes, where they are discharged to produce elements.
60
Which ions move to the cathode during electrolysis?
Positively charged ions move to the negative electrode (the cathode).
61
Which ions move to the anode during electrolysis?
Negatively charged ions move to the positive electrode (the anode).
62
What is the significance of the pH scale in chemistry?
The pH scale is significant for identifying whether a solution is acidic, neutral, or alkaline.
63
What is the relationship between concentration and acidity?
The terms dilute and concentrated refer to the amount of substance, while weak and strong refer to the degree of ionisation.
64
What is the role of indicators in titrations?
Indicators are used to determine the endpoint of the titration by changing color.
65
What is the importance of calculating concentrations in titrations?
Calculating concentrations allows for the determination of the amount of solute in a solution.
66
What practical skills are developed through titration experiments?
Titration experiments develop skills in measuring volumes accurately and performing calculations.
67
What is the process of electrolysis used for?
Electrolysis is used to extract metals from molten compounds, especially if the metal is too reactive to be extracted by reduction with carbon.
68
What happens at the cathode during electrolysis?
At the cathode (negative electrode), positively charged ions gain electrons, resulting in reduction.
69
What happens at the anode during electrolysis?
At the anode (positive electrode), negatively charged ions lose electrons, resulting in oxidation.
70
What is produced at the cathode when lead bromide is electrolyzed?
Lead is produced at the cathode.
71
What is produced at the anode when lead bromide is electrolyzed?
Bromine is produced at the anode.
72
What is the significance of using a mixture as the electrolyte in the electrolysis of aluminum?
A mixture is used to lower the melting point and improve the efficiency of the electrolysis process.
73
Why must the positive electrode be continually replaced during the electrolysis of aluminum?
The positive electrode (anode) is consumed during the reaction, requiring continual replacement.
74
What determines the ions discharged during the electrolysis of aqueous solutions?
The ions discharged depend on the relative reactivity of the elements involved.
75
What is produced at the cathode when an aqueous solution is electrolyzed if the metal is more reactive than hydrogen?
Hydrogen is produced at the cathode.
76
What is produced at the anode during the electrolysis of an aqueous solution containing halide ions?
The halogen is produced at the anode.
77
What happens to water molecules during the electrolysis of aqueous solutions?
Water molecules break down, producing hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions that are discharged.
78
What are half equations used for in electrolysis?
Half equations represent the reactions occurring at the electrodes during electrolysis.
79
Provide an example of a half equation for the reduction at the cathode.
2H+ + 2e- → H2.
80
Provide an example of a half equation for the oxidation at the anode.
4OH- → O2 + 2H2O + 4e-.
81
What are exothermic reactions?
Exothermic reactions are those that release energy to the surroundings.
82
What are endothermic reactions?
Endothermic reactions are those that take in thermal energy from the surroundings.
83
How do cells and batteries utilize chemical reactions?
Cells and batteries use chemical reactions to produce electricity.
84
What is the role of electricity in the decomposition of ionic substances?
Electricity is used to decompose ionic substances, providing a means to produce elements that are expensive to extract otherwise.
85
What is the importance of energy changes in chemical reactions?
Energy changes are important as they involve transfers of energy due to the breaking and formation of bonds.
86
What type of practical investigation is suggested for understanding electrolysis?
Investigate what happens when aqueous solutions are electrolyzed using inert electrodes.
87
What skills can be developed through the practical activity of electrolysis?
Skills in hypothesis development, scientific investigation, and understanding of electrolysis concepts.
88
What is the importance of the AQA specification link provided in the notes?
It directs students to the most up-to-date specification, resources, support, and administration for their studies.
89
What is the role of inert electrodes in electrolysis?
Inert electrodes do not participate in the chemical reaction; they provide a surface for the reactions to occur.

Chemistry Paper One (5 decks)

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