4 - economic change and social inequalities in deindustrialised urban places Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 4 - economic change and social inequalities in deindustrialised urban places Deck (19)
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1
Q

what is a kondratiev wave

A

‘waves’ lasting 50 years having 4 phases :
- prosperity
- recession
- depression
- recovery

each wave associated with development of technological innovations and economic activities

2
Q

reasons for industrialisation in manchester and impacts

A
  • proximity to coast = exports
  • temperate and wet local climate = cotton growth
  • mass rural to urban migration
  • flat land to build factories/warehouses

IMPACTS:

  • rapid economic development
  • large infrastructure projects
  • poverty and slums
  • poor conditions for the poor
3
Q

what is the de-multiplier effect

A

deindustrialisation, depopulation, dereliction and deprivation = de-multiplier

= no further investment, culture of worklessness and further decline

4
Q

how did manchester attempt to revitalise itself after deindustrialisation

A
  • trafford centre
  • arndale centre “all weather” shopping mall involving new m&s
  • piccadilly gardens
  • exchange square
  • christmas markets draw visitors
  • spinningfields large business, retail and residential development
5
Q

causes of deindustrialisation

A
  • comparative advantages
  • recession
  • rising prices of raw materials
  • loss of gov subsidies
  • environmental laws changing
  • declining demand for products
6
Q

economic consequences of deindustrialisation in inner city

A
  • lack of investment
  • decline in industry and increase in unemployment
  • decline in trade
  • decreased wages due to supply and demand of labour changes
7
Q

what are social consequences of loss of traditional industry in inner city

A
  • social exclusion
  • high crime/drug
  • unemployment
  • decentralisation of population
  • culture of poverty and decrease in public services and quality
8
Q

what are environmental consequences of loss of traditional industry in inner city

A
  • run down derelict
  • lower pollution levels
  • building collapse
9
Q

why have inner cities declined

A

factories close and businesses move to suburbs and urban-rural fringe —> unemployment —> shops/services close, retail moves out to suburbs —> further unemployment —> migration and poverty, move to suburbs —> decline

10
Q

what is social exclusion

A
  • involves lack of resources, rights, goods and services
  • inability to participate in normal relationships and activities available to majority of people
11
Q

what can induce social exclusion

A
  • loss of traditional industry in urban areas = poverty = social exclusion
12
Q

how has deindustrialisation affected social exclusion

A

where large scale deindustrialisation = widespread social exclusion

13
Q

how has deindustrialisation helped environmental objectives

A
  • heavy industry shutting = less pollutants
  • higher quality land, air, water
14
Q

which policies can be implemented to help solve deindustrialisation

A
  • retraining a workforce eg longbridge
  • environmental/economic policies to improve economy eg Birmingham/Chicago
  • stimulation of tertiary growth and investment by foreign MNC’s
15
Q

what is a location quotient

A

a statistical measure of a regions industrial specialism and concentration relative to an area calculated as a share of an industry of the area total divided by areas share of the areas national total

LQ of 1 = region and nation equally specialised
LQ of 1.8 = region has higher concentration than nation
LQ of 0.5 = lower concentration

LQ = % of total workforce of an area working in sector/industry / workforce in that sector/activity as a % of the total

16
Q

why has mining employment in East Midlands declined

A
  • coal extraction became more expensive as reserves became depleted
  • cheaper to import coal mainly from Russia, £330m investment in coal extraction recently turned down
  • expensive to make clean form of energy
  • historically less use of coal in surrounding area
17
Q

consequences to the local area of a declining coal mine industry

A
  1. young people moved away to find work leaving unequal dependency ratio
  2. cultural loss to the area
  3. further lack of political focus
  4. decline and deprivation due to unemployment
18
Q

why has farming in east anglia declined

A
  • agribusiness development
  • loss of subsidies
  • mechanisation of agriculture
  • cheap imports
  • social change (lack of desire to work in sector)
19
Q

what is the cycle of deprivation

A

decline in manufacturing due to decentralisation and deindustrialisation = intra-urban migration, suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation = people & industry move out of central areas = obsolescence of environment and property = poorest sectors of society left behind = lack of investment possible by local authorities = spiral of decline = new industries and businesses reluctant to relocate