4: ELECTORAL AND PARTY POLITICS IN THE POSTWAR PERIOD Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
INTRODUCTION
The Philippines experienced ______ and ______ before facing new challenges in World War II.
A
American military, civilian occupation
2
Q
INTRODUCTION
Postwar reconstruction reshaped the nation’s ______ and ______ landscape.
A
political, economic
3
Q
INTRODUCTION
As an independent country, the Philippines sought to maintain special relations with the ______ to address war aftermath.
A
U.S.
4
Q
INTRODUCTION
The nation, as Asia’s first ______, faced challenges in governance and political stability.
A
fledgling democracy
5
Q
INTRODUCTION
______ had to balance cooperation while maintaining distinct ideologies.
A
Political parties
6
Q
QUEZON’S LEADERSHIP AND EXILE
Quezon consolidated power over the
______ and the ______
A
Nacionalista Party, Commonwealth government
7
Q
QUEZON’S LEADERSHIP AND EXILE
Reelected in ______, but forced into exile in the ______ after the ______ invasion
A
1941, U.S., Japanese
8
Q
QUEZON’S LEADERSHIP AND EXILE
Appealed to ______ to extend his presidency beyond his term
A
Roosevelt
9
Q
QUEZON’S LEADERSHIP AND EXILE
Died in ______, succeeded by ______
A
1944, Osmeña
10
Q
JAPANESE OCCUPATION AND COLLABORATION
______ replaced democratic governance
A
Japanese military rule
11
Q
JAPANESE OCCUPATION AND COLLABORATION
Formation of ______ (______) to control politics
A
Kalibapi, Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas
12
Q
JAPANESE OCCUPATION AND COLLABORATION
______ became president (______) under Japanese rule
A
Jose P. Laurel, 1943
13
Q
JAPANESE OCCUPATION AND COLLABORATION
Creation of ______ (______) to assist Japanese forces
A
Makapili, 1944
14
Q
RESISTANCE AND STRUGGLES
______ (______) led resistance against Japan
A
Hukbalahap, Huks
15
Q
RESISTANCE AND STRUGGLES
Many ______ leaders collaborated for pragmatic reasons
A
Filipino
16
Q
RESISTANCE AND STRUGGLES
______ government faced internal distrust
A
Japanese-controlled
17
Q
RESISTANCE AND STRUGGLES
______ took over after Quezon’s death in ______
A
Osmeña, 1944
18
Q
POSTWAR CONTINUITY AND IMPACT
Postwar politics influenced by ______ collaboration
A
wartime
19
Q
POSTWAR CONTINUITY AND IMPACT
______ and ______ played major roles after the war
A
Jose P. Laurel, Manuel Roxas
20
Q
POSTWAR CONTINUITY AND IMPACT
Many collaborators received ______
A
amnesty
21
Q
POSTWAR CONTINUITY AND IMPACT
______ influence left a lasting impact on Philippine governance
A
Japanese
22
Q
IMMEDIATE POSTWAR POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
U.S. forces, led by ______, reestablished control over the Philippines in ______.
A
General Douglas MacArthur, October 1944
23
Q
A
24
Q
IMMEDIATE POSTWAR POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
MacArthur reinstated the ______ government under ______.
A
Commonwealth, President Sergio Osmeña
25
IMMEDIATE POSTWAR POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
The Japanese-backed organizations, ______ and ______, were officially disbanded.
Kalibapi, Makapili
26
IMMEDIATE POSTWAR POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
Prewar political parties, especially the ______, were revived.
Nacionalista Party
27
KEY POLITICAL ISSUES IN 1946
The issue of wartime collaboration with ______ was highly debated in postwar politics.
Japan
28
KEY POLITICAL ISSUES IN 1946
______ was a major challenge, requiring economic and infrastructure recovery.
Postwar reconstruction
29
KEY POLITICAL ISSUES IN 1946
The ______ communist insurgency threatened national stability.
Hukbalahap (Huk)
30
KEY POLITICAL ISSUES IN 1946
Despite ______ restrictions, many wartime collaborators were allowed to hold government positions.
American
31
OSMEÑA-ROXAS RIVALRY AND PARTY SPLIT
Tensions rose between ______ and ______ within the ______.
President Osmeña, Senate President Manuel Roxas, Nacionalista Party
32
OSMEÑA-ROXAS RIVALRY AND PARTY SPLIT
Efforts to reach a compromise failed, leading to Roxas’s decision to run against ______.
Osmeña
33
OSMEÑA-ROXAS RIVALRY AND PARTY SPLIT
Roxas and his supporters formed the ______ in ______.
Liberal Party, January 1946
34
OSMEÑA-ROXAS RIVALRY AND PARTY SPLIT
The split marked the revival of a ______ in Philippine politics.
two-party system
35
THE 1946 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
The election lacked clear ______ and was largely a ______ contest.
ideological differences, personality-driven
36
THE 1946 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Osmeña’s campaign was ______, making only one ______ just days before the election.
passive, speech
37
THE 1946 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
______ actively campaigned across the country, gaining strong public support.
Roxas
38
THE 1946 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
On ______, Roxas won the presidency by approximately ______ votes.
April 23, 1946, 200,000
39
AFTERMATH AND POLITICAL CONTINUITY
In ______, Roxas granted full amnesty to wartime collaborators.
January 1948
40
AFTERMATH AND POLITICAL CONTINUITY
The prewar ______ remained in control of the government, ensuring continuity in leadership.
elite
41
AFTERMATH AND POLITICAL CONTINUITY
The ______ rebellion continued to pose a security challenge for the new administration.
Huk
42
AFTERMATH AND POLITICAL CONTINUITY
Postwar politics largely reflected the ______ political structure, with the same elite leaders in power.
prewar
43
POST-INDEPENDENCE CHALLENGES AND RECONSTRUCTION
The primary focus of the late 1940s was rebuilding the Philippines after ______.
WWII
44
POST-INDEPENDENCE CHALLENGES AND RECONSTRUCTION
The Liberal Party supported the "______" of the ______ to secure U.S. rehabilitation funds.
parity provisions, Bell Trade Act
45
POST-INDEPENDENCE CHALLENGES AND RECONSTRUCTION
In exchange for aid, the act allowed ______ economic privileges in the Philippines.
U.S.
46
POST-INDEPENDENCE CHALLENGES AND RECONSTRUCTION
President Roxas died of a ______ in ______, and ______ assumed the presidency.
heart attack, 1948, Vice President Quirino
47
LIBERAL PARTY DIVISIONS
The Liberal Party was divided between the ______ (Quirino’s faction) and the ______ (Avelino’s faction).
Quirinistas, Avelinistas
48
LIBERAL PARTY DIVISIONS
Personal rivalries and accusations of betrayal weakened party ______.
unity
49
LIBERAL PARTY DIVISIONS
The Quirino faction nominated ______ and ______ for the ______ elections.
Quirino, Fernando Lopez, 1949
50
LIBERAL PARTY DIVISIONS
The Avelino faction nominated ______ and ______ as their candidates.
Jose Avelino, Vicente Francisco
51
THE 1949 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
The Nacionalista Party nominated ______ with ______ as his running mate.
Jose Laurel, Manuel Briones
52
THE 1949 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
______ won the presidency with a margin of nearly ______ votes over ______.
Quirino, 500,000, Laurel
53
THE 1949 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
______’s bid for the presidency was unsuccessful, receiving fewer votes.
Avelino
54
THE 1949 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
______ won the vice presidency over ______.
Fernando Lopez, Briones
55
ELECTORAL FRAUD AND CORRUPTION
The ______ was marked by widespread fraud and violence.
1949 election
56
ELECTORAL FRAUD AND CORRUPTION
Reports showed ______ exceeding actual population numbers.
voter turnout
57
ELECTORAL FRAUD AND CORRUPTION
Dead individuals were recorded as having voted, leading to allegations of "______".
ghost voters
58
ELECTORAL FRAUD AND CORRUPTION
______ places were manipulated, and ______ controlled voting in some areas.
Polling, authorities
59
THE LEGACY OF THE 1949 ELECTIONS
The election solidified the use of ______ as a political tool.
electoral fraud
60
THE LEGACY OF THE 1949 ELECTIONS
______ and ______ became more common in future elections.
Political violence, vote-rigging
61
THE LEGACY OF THE 1949 ELECTIONS
Public confidence in ______ declined due to election irregularities.
democracy
62
THE LEGACY OF THE 1949 ELECTIONS
The ______ administration faced legitimacy issues, weakening governance.
Quirino
63
MAGSAYSAY’S RISE TO POWER
______, a WWII guerrilla leader, was appointed ______ in ______.
Ramon Magsaysay, Secretary of Defense, 1950
64
MAGSAYSAY’S RISE TO POWER
He effectively weakened the ______ with ______ intelligence support.
Huk rebellion, U.S.
65
MAGSAYSAY’S RISE TO POWER
His rising popularity created tensions within the ______.
Liberal Party
66
MAGSAYSAY’S RISE TO POWER
Magsaysay resigned in ______ and joined the ______.
1953, Nacionalista Party
67
THE 1953 ELECTIONS AND CAMPAIGN STRATEGY
The Nacionalista Party nominated ______ for president with ______ as VP.
Magsaysay, Carlos Garcia
68
THE 1953 ELECTIONS AND CAMPAIGN STRATEGY
The Liberal Party nominated ______, while the Democratic Party chose ______.
Quirino, Romulo
69
THE 1953 ELECTIONS AND CAMPAIGN STRATEGY
Romulo later withdrew and endorsed ______, forming the ______.
Magsaysay, Democrata-Nacionalista Alliance
70
THE 1953 ELECTIONS AND CAMPAIGN STRATEGY
______’s campaign focused on grassroots outreach, engaging directly with ordinary citizens
Magsaysay
71
ELECTORAL VICTORY AND CHALLENGES
Magsaysay won the presidency by over ______ votes.
1.5 million
72
ELECTORAL VICTORY AND CHALLENGES
The ______ secured control of both the presidency and Congress.
Nacionalista Party
73
ELECTORAL VICTORY AND CHALLENGES
Despite his success, Magsaysay struggled to gain the support of ______.
Nacionalista old guards
74
ELECTORAL VICTORY AND CHALLENGES
Internal party disputes emerged, particularly over ______ nominations in ______.
senatorial, 1955
75
THE 1955 MIDTERM ELECTIONS AND PARTY CONFLICTS
Controversy arose over the ______ senatorial lineup, particularly involving ______.
Nacionalista, Claro Recto
76
THE 1955 MIDTERM ELECTIONS AND PARTY CONFLICTS
______ opposed candidates who criticized his administration.
Magsaysay
77
THE 1955 MIDTERM ELECTIONS AND PARTY CONFLICTS
Recto ran as a “______” under the ______ while remaining a ______.
guest candidate, Liberal Party, Nacionalista
78
THE 1955 MIDTERM ELECTIONS AND PARTY CONFLICTS
The ______ dominated the elections, with ______ as the only non-party-line winner.
Nacionalistas, Recto
79
MAGSAYSAY’S DEATH AND THE 1957 ELECTIONS
Magsaysay died in a ______ on ______.
plane crash, March 17, 1957
80
MAGSAYSAY’S DEATH AND THE 1957 ELECTIONS
______ assumed the presidency.
Vice President Carlos Garcia
81
MAGSAYSAY’S DEATH AND THE 1957 ELECTIONS
Multiple Nacionalista figures, including ______ and ______, vied for the ______ nomination.
Recto, Laurel Sr., 1957
82
MAGSAYSAY’S DEATH AND THE 1957 ELECTIONS
Recto formed a coalition with the ______, creating the ______.
Citizens Party, Nationalist-Citizens Party (NCP)
83
POST-MAGSAYSAY POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
______’s death in 1957 led to a fractured political scene.
Magsaysay
84
POST-MAGSAYSAY POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
The ______ was formed by Magsaysay’s supporters.
Progressive Party of the Philippines (PPP)
85
POST-MAGSAYSAY POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
PPP’s ______ positioned himself as Magsaysay’s political heir.
Manuel Manahan
86
POST-MAGSAYSAY POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
However, ______ (Nacionalista) was ultimately nominated for president.
Carlos Garcia
87
THE 1957 ELECTIONS – A MIXED LEADERSHIP
Nacionalista ______ won the presidency.
Carlos Garcia
88
THE 1957 ELECTIONS – A MIXED LEADERSHIP
Liberal ______ secured the vice presidency.
Diosdado Macapagal
89
THE 1957 ELECTIONS – A MIXED LEADERSHIP
______ (Liberal candidate) capitalized on Magsaysay’s legacy with the slogan: "Magsaysay was our guy, now Yulo is our Magsaysay."
Yulo
90
THE 1957 ELECTIONS – A MIXED LEADERSHIP
The campaign style adopted was inspired by ______’s grassroots approach.
Magsaysay
91
1961 ELECTIONS AND THE ROLE OF THIRD-PARTY CANDIDATES
______ (Nacionalista) ran for re-election, while ______ (Liberal) challenged him.
Garcia, Macapagal
92
1961 ELECTIONS AND THE ROLE OF THIRD-PARTY CANDIDATES
Actor-turned-senator ______ entered as an independent.
Rogelio de la Rosa
93
1961 ELECTIONS AND THE ROLE OF THIRD-PARTY CANDIDATES
Rumors suggested ______’s camp funded de la Rosa to split votes.
Garcia
94
1961 ELECTIONS AND THE ROLE OF THIRD-PARTY CANDIDATES
When ______ gained too much popularity, funding stopped, leading to his withdrawal.
de la Rosa
95
1961 ELECTIONS AND THE ROLE OF THIRD-PARTY CANDIDATES
______ won with over ______% of the vote.
Macapagal, 50
96
MARCOS AND THE LIBERAL PARTY SPLIT (1963-1965)
Macapagal failed to appoint ______ to a key cabinet position, weakening party unity.
Marcos
97
MARCOS AND THE LIBERAL PARTY SPLIT (1963-1965)
By ______, ______, then Senate President and a Liberal, was eyeing the presidency.
1963, Marcos
98
MARCOS AND THE LIBERAL PARTY SPLIT (1963-1965)
Marcos hinted at ______ support and eventually defected to the ______ in ______.
bipartisan, Nacionalistas, 1964
99
MARCOS AND THE LIBERAL PARTY SPLIT (1963-1965)
His switch was ______—he was the ruling party’s leader but joined the opposition.
unprecedented
100
ELECTORAL VIOLENCE AND CORRUPTION IN THE 1960S
The ______ were marred by fraud, vote-buying, and violence.
1963 elections
101
ELECTORAL VIOLENCE AND CORRUPTION IN THE 1960S
Reports indicated ______ the electorate in some areas sold their votes.
half
102
ELECTORAL VIOLENCE AND CORRUPTION IN THE 1960S
Political killings and election-related violence were rampant in at least ______ provinces.
31
103
ELECTORAL VIOLENCE AND CORRUPTION IN THE 1960S
The ______ Affair implicated several top politicians, including ______ and ______.
Harry Stonehill, Macapagal, Marcos
104
THE 1965 ELECTIONS – MARCOS VS. MACAPAGAL
______ (Liberal) ran for reelection with ______ as VP.
Macapagal, Gerardo Roxas
105
THE 1965 ELECTIONS – MARCOS VS. MACAPAGAL
______ (Nacionalista) and ______ were the opposition’s candidates.
Marcos, Fernando Lopez
106
THE 1965 ELECTIONS – MARCOS VS. MACAPAGAL
A third party, ______, was formed by ______ and ______.
Party for Philippine Progress, Raul Manglapus, Manuel Manahan
107
THE 1965 ELECTIONS – MARCOS VS. MACAPAGAL
Campaigns used ______—books, films, and women's corps (______ vs. ______).
mass media, Lakambini ‘65, Blue Ladies
108
THE 1965 ELECTIONS – MARCOS VS. MACAPAGAL
______ won by over ______ votes; ______ won VP by a slim ______ votes.
Marcos, 600,000, Lopez, 26,000
109
PUBLIC DISTRUST AND CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS
Congress proposed a plebiscite in ______ for constitutional amendments:
- Increase ______ members (______ → ______).
- Allow Congress members to join the ______.
1968, House of Representatives, 120, 180, Constitutional Convention
110
PUBLIC DISTRUST AND CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS
Public skepticism led to rejection—only ______% of voters approved.
18
111
PUBLIC DISTRUST AND CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS
In response, ______ banned political figures from the Constitutional Convention.
Republic Act 6132
112
THE 1969 ELECTIONS – MARCOS’ REELECTION
Liberals nominated ______ and ______.
Sergio Osmeña Jr., Genaro Magsaysay
113
THE 1969 ELECTIONS – MARCOS’ REELECTION
Nacionalistas fielded ______ and ______ again.
Marcos, Lopez
114
THE 1969 ELECTIONS – MARCOS’ REELECTION
Unprecedented: ______ became the first reelected president in post-independence history.
Marcos
115
THE 1969 ELECTIONS – MARCOS’ REELECTION
______ won by a record margin—______ votes over ______.
Marcos, 2 million, Osmeña
116
THE 1969 ELECTIONS – MARCOS’ REELECTION
______’s VP win was even wider, despite Congress being Liberal-dominated.
Lopez
117
MARCOS’ POLITICAL STRATEGY AND PATRONAGE
Marcos understood public frustration with ______ and ______.
economic instability, Congressional inefficiency
118
MARCOS’ POLITICAL STRATEGY AND PATRONAGE
He leveraged presidential powers:
- Controlled the release of ______, making ______ dependent on him.
- Focused on ______ to gain voter confidence.
funds, Congress, economic stability
119
MARCOS’ POLITICAL STRATEGY AND PATRONAGE
This strengthened the ______' control over government institutions.
Nacionalistas
120
1969 – THE DIRTIEST ELECTION IN HISTORY
______: “The worst and dirtiest election in history.
Osmeña Jr.
121
1969 – THE DIRTIEST ELECTION IN HISTORY
Accusations against Marcos: ______, ______, ______.
out-gooned, out-gunned, out-gold
122
1969 – THE DIRTIEST ELECTION IN HISTORY
US$______ (allegedly from government funds) spent on the campaign.
50 million
123
1969 – THE DIRTIEST ELECTION IN HISTORY
Massive ______, ______, and ______.
vote-buying, intimidation, fraud
124
CONTINUITY IN PRE-MARTIAL LAW ELECTORAL AND PARTY POLITICS
Philippine political parties functioned as ______ machines.
election-driven
125
CONTINUITY IN PRE-MARTIAL LAW ELECTORAL AND PARTY POLITICS
Dominated by ______ clans and alliances for power retention.
local
126
CONTINUITY IN PRE-MARTIAL LAW ELECTORAL AND PARTY POLITICS
No real ______ between parties.
ideological differences
127
CONTINUITY IN PRE-MARTIAL LAW ELECTORAL AND PARTY POLITICS
Political loyalty was based on ______ and ______ interests.
personal, regional
128
CONTINUITY IN PRE-MARTIAL LAW ELECTORAL AND PARTY POLITICS
______ acted as a factionalized single-party rule.
Two-party system
129
PARTY SWITCHING AND PRAGMATISM
Politicians frequently changed parties for ______ gain.
personal
130
PARTY SWITCHING AND PRAGMATISM
Electoral success depended on alliances with influential ______ leaders.
local
131
PARTY SWITCHING AND PRAGMATISM
Party discipline was weak, with ______ often rewarded.
turncoats
132
PARTY SWITCHING AND PRAGMATISM
______ and ______ Parties functioned similarly.
Nacionalista, Liberal
133
PARTY SWITCHING AND PRAGMATISM
Minor ______ parties were short-lived and politically insignificant.
third
134
POLITICAL PATRONAGE AND FACTIONALISM
- Politicians relied on ______ and ______ patronage networks.
- Ruling parties faced internal struggles over ______.
- Elections were shaped by ______, not policies.
- ______ determined access to government funding.
- ______ was common but tolerated.
local, provincial, scarce resources, provincial rivalries, Political favoritism, Electoral fraud
135
WEAK POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND LEADERSHIP
- Political power was highly ______, not institutionalized.
- ______, rather than party ideology, dictated party loyalty.
- Decision-making relied on small ______ circles within parties.
- Elections prioritized securing ______ over governance reforms.
- Cheating in elections was ______, not nationally coordinated.
personalized, Leadership, elite, power, localized
136
ELECTORAL POLITICS AND ITS LONG-TERM IMPACT
- Political leaders catered to both rich and poor without real ______.
- Philippine democracy remained ______ despite independence.
- Political parties focused solely on ______, not governance.
- Lack of strong party institutions enabled ______’s rise.
- Weak political structures set the stage for ______.
reform, elitist, elections, Marcos, Martial Law
