4. Emergency Procedures

Question 1

Immediate Action Emergency Actions

Answer 1

NOTE

The urgency of certain emergencies requires immediate and instinctive actions by the pilot. The most important single consideration is helicopter control. All procedures are subordinate to this requirement. If time permits during a critical emergency, transmit MAYDAY call, set transponder to emergency, turn the ELT ON, and lock the shoulder harness.

Question 2

Land as soon as possible

Answer 2

Land without delay to the nearest suitable area (i.e. open field) in which a safe approach and landing is reasonably assured. (The primary consideration is to ensure the survival of the occupants.

Question 3

Land as soon as practicable

Answer 3

The landing site and duration of the flight are at the discretion of the pilot. Extended flight beyond the nearest approved landing area is not recommended. (The primary consideration is the urgency of the emergency.)

Question 4

Warning definition

Answer 4

An operating procedure, practice, etc. which if not correctly followed could result in personal injury or loss of life

Question 5

Caution definition

Answer 5

An operating procedure, practice, etc. which if not strictly observed could result in damage to, or destruction of equipment.

Question 6

Note definition

Answer 6

An operating procedure, condition etc. which is essential to highlight.

Question 7

“Autorotate”

Answer 7

1. Collective - Adjust as required to maintain rotor RPM (90 - 107%)
2. “Pedals - Adjust” Crab or slip as required
3. “Throttle - Adjust as necessary” Close as required
4. “Airspeed - Adjust” as required

Question 8

“Emergency Shutdown”

Answer 8

1. “Throttle - Closed”
2. “Fuel Valve Switch - Off”
3. “Batt Switch - OFF as desired” Before turning the battery switch off during an in-flight emergency, the pilot should consider a “MAYDAY” call, selecting emergency on the transponder and the possible effects of a total electrical failure.

Question 9

“Engine Failure at a hover”

Answer 9

1. “Autorotate”
2. “Emer Shutdown” - Accomplish after landing.

Question 10

“Engine Failure - Low Altitude/Airspeed or Cruise.”

Answer 10

1. “Autorotate”
2. “Emer Shutdown” - Accomplish during descent if time permits.

Question 11

Engine malfunctions

“Engine Restart”

Answer 11

1. “Throttle - Close”
2. “Fuel Valve Switch - On”
3. “Attempt start”
4. “Land as soon as possible”

Question 12

Engine malfunctions

Engine Restart - CAUTION

Answer 12

Do not attempt air start above 12,000 feet MSL (TURB OUT TEMP rises too fast to control).

Question 13

Engine malfunctions

Engine Restart Considerations

Answer 13

After an engine failure in flight, an engine start may be attempted. Because the exact cause of engine failure cannot be determined in flight, the decision to attempt the start will depend on the altitude and time available, rate of desent, potential landing ares and crew assistance available. 52 to 60 KIAS is recommended during the descent. Under ideal conditions, approximately on minute is required to regain powered flight from the time the attempted start is begun. If the decision is made to attempt an in-flight start:

Question 14

Engine malfunctions

Engine Compressor Stall indications

Answer 14

• Sharp rumble or a series of loud sharp reports
• Severe engine vibration
• Rapid rise in TURB OUT TEMP

Question 15

Engine malfunctions

“Engine Compressor Stall”

Answer 15

1. “Collective - Reduce”
2. “Engine Anti-ice and Heater switches - OFF”
3. “Land as soon as possible”

Question 16

Engine malfunctions

Engine Overspeed indications

Answer 16

• Right yaw
• Rapid increase in both rotor and engine RPM
• Increase in engine and rotor noise.

Question 17

Engine malfunctions

“Engine Overspeed”

Answer 17

1. “Collective - Increase” to load the rotor and sustain engine/rotor RPM below the maximum operating limit.
2. “Throttle - Adjust” until normal operating RPM is attained.
3. “Land as soon as possible” Perform a power-on approach and landing by controlling the RPM manually with the throttle.

If RPM cannot be controlled by throttle adjustment.

4. “Autorotate” when over a safe landing area.
5. “Emer Shutdown” - Accomplish during descent if time permits.

Question 18

Engine malfunctions

“Engine Underspeed”

Answer 18

If an engine underspeed occurs, the collective must be adjusted downward to maintain rotor RPM within limits. If powered flight with rotor in the green can be accomplished:

1. “Land as soon as possible” in an area that will permit a run-on landing.

An engine underspeed below 90% results in rotor RPM decay below minimum safe limits. Should this occur:
2. Autorotate

3. Emer Shutdown - Accomplish during the descent if time permits.

Question 19

Engine malfunctions

“Engine Surges”

Answer 19

a. GOV INCR switch - INCR for maximum RPM
b. Throttle - Adjust to 97% N2
c. Land as soon as possible

If engine surges are not controlled in steps a. and b. above proceed as follows:

a. Autorotate - When over a safe landing area.
b. Emer Shutdown - Accomplish during descent if time permits.

Question 20

Engine malfunctions

“LOW INLET PRESSURE caution light ON”

Answer 20

1. “ENGINE ALTERNATE AIR SWITCH - OPEN”
2. “If caution light remains ON, Land As Soon As Possible.”
3. If caution light goes out, Land As Soon As Practicable. Related engine parameters should be monitored frequently until landing.

Question 21

Engine malfunctions

“Engine Icing”

Answer 21

NOTE
When anti-ice system is ON, TOT will rise for same power setting.

1. “ENGINE ANTI-ICING switch - ON” (if conditions warrant).
2. “TURB OUT TEMP - Maintain within limits”

Question 22

Engine malfunctions

“If the engine oil pressure is below 50 PSI or the temperature is above 107*C”

Answer 22

1. “Land as soon as possible”

NOTE
If engine oil pressure is falling or low and the oil temperature is rising or high, a severe leak may be present.

Question 23

Engine malfunctions

“Main Drive Shaft Failure”

Answer 23

WARNING

The engine must remain in operation to provide power to the tail rotor. Failure to maintain engine power will result in loss of aircraft control. Adjust throttle as required to maintain engine RPM within normal limits.

1. Autorotate - Establish a Power On autorotation.
2. Emergency Shutdown - Accomplish after landing.

Question 24

Engine malfunctions

Main Drive Shaft Failure - Indications

Answer 24

• Sudden Increase in engine RPM
• Decrease in rotor RPM
• Left yaw
• Low RPM audio
• ROTOR RPM caution light.

Transient overspeed of N1 and N2 may occur, but will stabilize.

Question 25

Engine malfunctions "Clutch failing to disengage"

Answer 25

1. _"Throttle - Open"_ 2. _"Land as soon as possible"_

Question 26

Engine malfunctions Clutch failing to disengage - Indications

Answer 26

During Autorotation: Rotor RPM decays with the engine RPM when throttle set to engine idle. This condition results in total loss of autorotational capability

Question 27

Engine malfunctions "Mast Bumping"

Answer 27

_Land as soon as possible_

Question 28

"Loss of T/R Effectiveness" LTE

Answer 28

This is a situation involving a loss of effective tail rotor thrust without a break in the drive system which cannot be stopped with full left pedal application. If LTE is experienced, simultaneously: 1. _"Pedal - Full Left"_ 2. _"Cyclic - Forward"_ 3. As recovery is affected, adjust controls for normal flight. WARNING Collective reducion will aid in arresting the yaw rate: however, if a rate of descent has been established, collective reduction may increase the rate of descent to an excessive value. The resultant large and rapid increse in collectiveto prevent ground or obstacle contact may further increse the yaw rate, decreasing the rotor RPM and cause an over torque and/or over-temperature condition. Therefore, the decision to reduce collective must be based on the pilot assesment of the altitude available for recovery. 4. If spinning cannot be stopped and crash is imminent, an autorotaion may be the best course a of action. Maintain full left peddle until spin stops, then adjust to maintain heading.

Question 29

Complete Loss of T/R thrust - Indications

Answer 29

a. This situation involves a break in the drive system, such as a severed driveshaft, causing the tail rotor to lose power. b. Indications: 1. Pedal input has no effect on helicopter trim. **WARNING** Degree of roll and side-slip may be varied by throttle and/or collective. (At airspeeds below approximately 50 knots, the side-slip may become uncontrollable, and the helicopter will begin to spin on the vertical axis.) 2. Nose of the helicopter turns to right (left sideslip) 3. Left roll of fuselage along the longitudinal axis.

Question 30

Complete Loss of T/R thrust - Procedures

Answer 30

1. If **_S_**afe landing area is not immediately available, continue powered flight to suitable landing area at or above minimum rate of descent autorotational airspeed. 2. When landing area is reached, make an autorotational landing (**_T_**HROTTLE CLOSED). 3. Use **_A_**irspeed above minimum rate of descent airspeed. **NOTE** Airflow around the vertical fin may permit controlled flight at low power levels and sufficient airspeed when a suitable landing site is not available; however, touchdown shall be accomplished with the throttle in the full closed position. 4. If **_R_**un-on landing is possible, * complete autortation with touchdown _airspeed_ as required for _directional control_. 5. If a run-on landing is not possible, * start decelerate from about **_75_** feet altitude, so that forward groundspeed is at a minimum when the helicopter reaches _10 to 20 feet_; execute the touchdown with a _rapid collective pull_ just prior to touchdown in a _level attitude_ with _minimum ground run._

Question 31

Loss of T/R Components: Indications

Answer 31

a. The severity of this situation is dependent upon the amount of weight lost. Any loss of this nature will result in a forward center of gravity shift, requiring aft cyclic. A full autorotational descent and landing should be accomplished with a run-on type termination if to an improved surface, or minimum ground run if to an unimproved surface. Landing should be accomplished in a level attitude. b. Indications: 1. Varying degrees of right yaw depending on power applied and airspeed at the time of failure. 2. Forward CG shift.

Question 32

Loss of T/R Components Procedures

Answer 32

1. Enter autorotative descent _(**T**_HROTTLE CLOSED) 2. Maintain **_A_**irspeed above minimum rate of descent airspeed. 3. If **_R_**un-on landing is possible, * complete autorotation with touchdown _airspeed_ as required for _directional control_. 4. If run-on landing is not possible, * start to decelerate from about **_75_** feet altitude, so that forward groundspeed is at a minimum when the helicopter reaches _10 to 20 feet_; execute the touchdown with a _rapid collective pull_ just prior to touchdown in a _level attitude_ with _minimum ground run_.

Question 33

Fixed Pitch Settings Description

Answer 33

This is a malfunction involving a loss of control resulting in a fixed pitch setting. Whether the nose of the helicopter yaws left or right is dependent upon the amount of pedal applied at the time of malfunction. Regardless of pedal setting at the time of malfunction, varying amount of tail rotor thrust will be delivered at all times during flight.

Question 34

Fixed Pitch Settings (Reduced Power Low Torque)

Answer 34

**Indications**: The nose of the helicopter will turn _right_ when power is _applied_. **Procedure ch 9:** 1. **If** helicopter _control can be maintained_ in powered flight the best solution is to _maintain control with power_ and accomplish a _run-on landing_ as soon as practicable. Use _airspeed, throttle, and collective_ to reduce sideslip angle at touchdown. 2. **If** helicopter _control cannot be maintained_ close the throttle immediately and accomplish an autorotational landing **Procedure modified by KG:** _If_ helicopter control can be maintained in powered flight, * Maintain control with power * Run-on landing as soon as practicable. * Use **A**irspeed, **T**hrottle, and **C**ollective to reduce sideslip angle at touchdown. _If_ helicopter control cannot be maintained, * ​​Close the throttle immediately * Autorotate

Question 35

Fixed Pitch Settings (Increased Power high Torque)

Answer 35

**Indications:** The nose of the helicopter will turn _left_ when power is _reduced_. **Procedures ch 9:** 1. Maintain control with power and airspeed (Between 40 and 70 knots) 2. Continue powered flight to a suitable landing area where a _run-on landing_ can be accomplished 3. Execute a run-on landing with power and a touchdown speed which will minimize sideslip. Use _throttle and collective_, as necessary, to control sideslip and heading at touchdown. **Procedures modified by KG:** 1. Maintain control with _power_ and _airspeed_ 40 and 70 kts 2. _Suitable_ landing area 3. _Run-on_ landing _with power_ and a touchdown speed which will minimize sideslip. 4. Use _throttle_ and _collective_, as necessary, to control sideslip and heading at touchdown.

Question 36

Fixed Pitch Setting (Hover)

Answer 36

**Indication:** * Helicopter heading cannot be controlled with pedals. **Procedures:** * Fixed pedal - Land.

Question 37

Flight control malfunctions

Answer 37

Failure of components within the flight control system may be indicated through varying degrees of _feedback_, _binding_, _resistance_, or _slopiness_. These conditions should not be mistaken for hydraulic power failure. In the event of a flight control malfunction: 1. _Land as soon as possible._ 2. _Emer Shutdown_ - Accomplish after landing.

Question 38

Un-Commanded flight control input malunction

Answer 38

Un-commanded flight control input malfunctions may be indicated throught _un-commanded lateral or longitudinal cyclic_ movements. The magnitude of the event may range from _mild to severe_. The duration of the event may range from _one to several seconds_. These conditions should _not be mistaken for hydraulic power failure_. In the event of an un-commanded flight control input malfunction: 1. _Collective-increse if near the ground_ to prevent main or tail roto ground contact. 2. _Pedal-apply in the direction of turn._ 3. _Direct assistance with flight control inputs to level the aircraft._ 4. _Land as soon as possible._

Question 39

Landing in trees

Answer 39

A landing in trees should be made when no other landing area is available. In addition to accomplishing engine malfunction emergency procedures, select a landing area containing the least numer of trees of minimum height. Autorotate with the throttle closed using the following procedures: 1. _Airspeed - Minimum_ at treetop level. 2. _Descend - Vertically into trees_ 3. _Collective - Apply_ remaining collective prior to blades entering trees.

Question 40

Ditching - Power off

Answer 40

If an engine failure occurs over water and ditching is imminent, accomplish engine failure emergency procedures and proceed as follows: 1. _AUTOROTATE._ Decelerate to minimum forward speed as the helicopter nears the water. Apply all remaining collective as the helicopter enters the water. Maintain a level attitude as the helicopter sinks and until it begins to roll, then apply cyclic in the direction of the roll. 2. _Doors - Open_ 3. _Crew and passengers - Exit_ when the main rotor stops.

Question 41

"Lightning strike"

Answer 41

_Land as soon as possible._ _Emer Shutdown_ - Accomplish after landing.

Question 42

Ditching - Power on

Answer 42

If ditching becomes necesarry, with power available accomplish an approach to a hover above the water and: 1. Doors - Open. 2. Crew (except pilot) and passengers - Exit. 3. Hover a safe distance away from personnel 4. Autorotate. Apply all remaining collective as the helicopter enters the water. Maintain a level attitude as the helicopter enters the water. Maintain a level attitude as the helicopter sinks and until it begins to rell, then apply cyclic in direction of the roll. 5. Pilot - Exit when the main rotor stops.