4: energy systems

Question 1

What is every?

Answer 1

the ability to do work

Question 2

What are the three energy systems?

Answer 2

1. Immediate; ATP-PC; Alactic
2. Short term; NON-oxidative; lactic
3. Long term; Oxidative; Aerobic

Question 3

What are the three ways to produce ATP?

Answer 3

1) formation of ATP by Phosphocreatine (PC) breakdown
2) formation of ATP by degradation of glucose/glycogen
3) Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 4

What is the high energy phosphate system?

Answer 4

high energy phosphate system

immediate

Question 5

What is ATP - PC (alactic system)

Answer 5

used for rapid, short term muscle movement

1) stored ATP
- varies with fibre type and training; depletion; measurement
2) the ATP derived from PC + ADP

Question 6

Creatine Phosphate

Answer 6

1) high energy phosphate store
2) buffer of ATP/ADP ratio
3) a high energy transporter

Question 7

Phosphocreatine: Energy reservoir

Answer 7

anaerobic resynthesis of ATP
hydrolyzed by the enzyme, creatine kinase
ADP is phosphorylated to ATP
Creatine may be phosphorylated back to PCr
cells store ~ 4 - 6 times more PCr than ATP

Question 8

Creatine

Answer 8

increases muscle PC stores
important component of high energy phosphates
documented benefits in humans:
- improve muscular strength and power; augments short bursts of muscular endurance; enables greater muscular overload

limited research on potential risks
creatine loading

Question 9

What type of fibres are affected by creatine?

Answer 9

both type I and II fibres but >type II (high intensity)
high dosages not necessary at start
can maintain on 3 g/day
increase performance for exercise 30 sec or less

Question 10

What is the primary energy source for high energy phosphate system?

Answer 10

Stored ATP, CP

Question 11

high energy phosphate system:

What is the duration of activity?

Answer 11

7-12sec

Question 12

high energy phosphate system:

What are the sporting events?

Answer 12

quick bursts sports

weight lifting, high jump, long jump, 100m run, 25m swim

Question 13

high energy phosphate system:

What are the advantages?

Answer 13

produce very large amount of energy in a short amount of time

Question 14

high energy phosphate system:

What is the disadvantages?

Answer 14

initial concentration of high energy phosphates (ATP, PC)

Question 15

Anaerobic Glycolytic System

Answer 15

starts when:
- the reserves of high energy phosphate compounds fall to a low level
the rate of glycolysis is high and there is build-up of pyruvic acid

Question 16

Glycolysis

Answer 16

a biochemical process that release energy in the form of ATP from glycogen and glucose
anaerobic process (in the absence of oxygen)

Question 17

What are the products of glycolysis?

Answer 17

2 molecules of ATP

2 molecules of pyruvic acid (fate 1)

Question 18

What are the by-product of glycolysis

Answer 18

2 molecules of lactic acid (fate 2)

Question 19

how many ATP is produce from NADH?

Answer 19

3 ATP molcules

Question 20

how many ATP is produce from FADH?

Answer 20

2 ATP molecules

Question 21

Fate 2a

Answer 21

pyruvate can be reduced to lactate; process consumes NADH; NAD+ is generated
this generates ATP more rapidly but less ATP is generated and lactate and H+ are also generated

when oxygen availability is low but high ATP demand is needed

Question 22

Fate 2b:

Answer 22

aerobic pyruvate enters the mito and reacts with CoA to form AcetylCoA (and CO2) which enters the Krebs/ETC –> slow glycolysis or aerobic glycolysis)

Question 23

Anaerobic glycolytic system:

what is the primary energy source?

Answer 23

stored glycogen, blood glucose

Question 24

Anaerobic glycolytic system:

What is the duration of activity?

Answer 24

12s - 3min

Question 25

Anaerobic glycolytic system: | what are the type of sporting events

Answer 25

800m run, 200m swim, downhill ski racing, 1500 speed skating

Question 26

Anaerobic glycolytic system: | What are the advantages of this?

Answer 26

ability to produce energy under conditions of inadequate oxygen

Question 27

Anaerobic glycolytic system: | what are the limiting factors?

Answer 27

lactic acid build up, H+ ions build up (decrease of pH)

Question 28

The aerobic oxidative system

Answer 28

the most important E system in the human body primary source of energy (70-95%) for exercise lasting longer than 10 mins primary source of energy: performed at an intensity lower than that of anaerobic oxidative system

Question 29

What are the two paths of oxidatiev phospohrylation system?

Answer 29

krebs cycle and ETC

Question 30

how much energy is yielded from 1 molecule of glucose?

Answer 30

36/38 ATP molecules

Question 31

how much energy is yielded from 1 molecule of fat?

Answer 31

169 atp molecules

Question 32

What ar ethe byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 32

co2, water

Question 33

how many by - products are made in krebs

Answer 33

1 ATP, 3 nadh, 1 fadh2, 1 co2

Question 34

Aerobic Oxidative System: | what are primary energy sources?

Answer 34

glycogen, glucose, fats, proteins

Question 35

Aerobic Oxidative System: | what is the duration period?

Answer 35

>3mins

Question 36

Aerobic Oxidative System: | what type of sporting events?

Answer 36

walking, jogging, swimming, walking up stairs

Question 37

Aerobic Oxidative System: | what are the advantages:

Answer 37

large output of energy over a logn period of time, removal of lactic acid

Question 38

Aerobic Oxidative System: | what are the limiting factors?

Answer 38

Lung function, max bf, oxygen availability, excess energy demands

Question 39

What are slow twitch fibres?

Answer 39

``` type I; slow oxidative; very red!; muscular always working high resistance to fatigue used for long durations low energy ```

Question 40

What are fast twitch fibres?

Answer 40

``` type IIa = fast oxidative glycolytic type IIx/b = fast glycolytic only is active for heavy or higher events very white short duration sports fast contraction rates high energy ```

Question 41

What is EPOC?

Answer 41

the afterburn | a measurable increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity intended to erase the body's "oxygen deficit"