4 H2O & Buff

Question 1

Which part of the water molecule participate in the hydration shell?

Answer 1

Both H and O

Question 2

Constant or varies?

Total amount of BW
Tissue conc

Answer 2

1. Constant

2. Varies

Question 3

Amount of Total Body Water

Answer 3

-Table

Question 4

TBW depends on?

Answer 4

Body weight, age, sex, amount of fat

Question 5

Fluctuation of water balance

Answer 5

<1% of body weight/day

Question 6

Factors that affect water intake?

Answer 6

> Climate

> Activity

> Diet

> State of Health

Question 7

Acid Base Definition

1. Bronsted Lowry
2. Lewis
3. Arrhenius

Answer 7

Bronsted Lowry H+

Lewis Electron

Arrhenius - dissociation

Question 8

What is a buffer capacity?

Answer 8

Equivalents of H+ or OH- required to change 1 L of buffer by 1 pH unit; max buffer capacity occurs at +/- pH unit on either side of pKa

Question 9

PH of blood - 7.36 - 7.44

Intracell pH = 7.1

Extracell pH = 6.8-7.8

Answer 9

-

Question 10

Major buffer system of the body in ECF

Answer 10

Bicarbonate-carbonic acid

Question 11

Major source of metabolic acid in the body

Answer 11

CO2

Question 12

Major buffer in ICF

Answer 12

Phosphate anions and proteins

Question 13

2 main purposes of kidneys in the regulation of acid base balance?

Answer 13

1. Regulates plasma bicarb by recycling

2. Affects H+ excretion through formation of titratable acids and ammonium synthesis

Question 14

Metabolic vs non-metabolic acids?

Answer 14

Metabolic - metabolized at lvl of liver and lungs

Non-metabolic - excreted by kidneys

Question 15

Net Retention of CO2? Loss?

Answer 15

Hypoventilation

Hyperventilation

Question 16

Nonvolatile acids/ Noncarbonic sources

Answer 16

1. Diet
>Sulfuric, phosphoric
2. Intermediary metabolism
>Carbs, Fat
3.Bicarb

Question 17

Where does these buffer reactions predominate (tubular fluids)
1. Bicarb Titration

2. PO4 titration
3. Ammonium Titration
   - major precursor?

Answer 17

1. Prox tub

2 & 3 distal tub

Ammonium precursor: Glutamine -deaminase -> Glutamate + NH3
Glutamate —-glutamate dehydrogenase —> alpha-ketoglut + NH3

Question 18

Changes in extracell pH may be seen if?

Answer 18

1. Renal/respiratory fxn is abnormal

2. Acid/base overload overwhelms capacity to excrete

Question 19

Acidemia vs. Alkalemia

Acidosis vs. Alkalosis

Answer 19

-

Question 20

The compensatory response is in the same/opposite direction as primary disturbance.

Answer 20

Same

Question 21

Sum of major cations in the plasma - sum of major anions

Answer 21

= Anion gap

*for approx total conc of anions

Question 22

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 22

• Compensatory by lowering pH through ventilation

- Ultimate restoration is renal excretion of xs acids = take several days

Question 23

Metabolic alkalosis occur when?

Answer 23

Exogenous intake of bicarb; loss of acid (vomiting, diuretic meds)

Question 24

Primary disturbance in pCO2?

Answer 24

1. Respiratory acidosis - increase pCO2

2. Resp. alkalosis