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4 - Hemodynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is hemodynamics?

A

Hemodynamics is the dynamics of blood flow

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2
Q

What is blood pressure? Why does this exist?

A

BP is the pressure (applied) on the arterial walls

This is due to the blood circulating around the body which puts pressure on the walls of the vessels (esp arteries)

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3
Q

How is BP measured?

A
  1. Instrument: Sphygmomanometer
  2. 2 values measured:
    A. Systolic BP
    - pressure when the <3/LV is contracting and pumping blood into the BVs
    -peak of contraction of LV

B. Diastolic BP
-pressure on the BVs when the heart relaxes/not contracting/at rest

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4
Q

T or F. The diastolic P is 0 usually.

A

No! Need pressure higher than 0 that may be lower initially systolic P but enough to continue flow of blood in the system. This is due to blood vessels, NOT THE HEART.

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5
Q

Physical factors affecting blood flow

A
  1. <3
  2. BVs
  3. Blood
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6
Q

Inotropy vs. Chronotropy vs. Dromotropy

A

Inotropy - contractility

Chronotropy - HR

Dromotropy - Conduction

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7
Q

What makes the blood flow/determines the rate of blood flow (vol of blood moving per unit of time)?

A

Pressure gradient!!!

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8
Q

What generates the pressure that drives the flow of blood through the vasculature? How?

A

HEART

-by creating a pressure diff between the arteries and veins

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9
Q

Pressure generated during systole and diastole in aorta vs LV?

A

LV creates 120/0 when it contracts but aorta maintains /80 so that blood would still flow when at rest

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10
Q

What is cardiac output? Factors

A

> CO is the volume of blood delivered to the body in a minute that is constantly exerting pressure on the BV walls

CO = HR x SV

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11
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Stroke volume is the amount of blood that your LV can pump in 1 beat/cycle

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12
Q

What generates the systolic pressure? Diastolic pressure?

A

Systolic pressure - generated by <3

Diastolic pressure - generated by BVs (e.g. recoil)

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13
Q

T or F. All arteries are for resistance.

A

F!

Aorta and large arteries are for distribution

Small arteries - distribution and resistance

Arterioles - resistance

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14
Q

Laplace’s Law

A

T = P x r

Implies that large arteries
must have thicker walls than
small arteries in order to
withstand the level of tension.

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15
Q

…

A

,,,

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16
Q

What is Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)?

A

Combined resistances of all the blood vessels in your systemic circuit

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17
Q

Most important factor/s in determining resistance? This is controlled by?

A
  1. Main: Vessel radius
    (Arteriolar radius) - main
    -controlled by:
    a. Local control: myogenic responses to stretch, temperature, histamine release

B. Extrinsic control: vasopressin, angiotensin, epinephrine

  1. Other factor determining resistance: Blood viscosity
    - Number of RBCs
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18
Q

Relationship of 1-3 to resistance

  1. Blood viscosity
  2. Vessel length
  3. Vessel radius
A

1 & 2 directly proportional

3 indirectly proportional

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19
Q

What happens to the resistance to flow when a patient…

(1) has high Hematocrit
(2) dehydrated
(3) has COPD

A

1 & 2: more viscous = more resistant

3: higher RBC count due to poor oxygenation; more viscous = more resistant

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20
Q

What is shear thinning?

A

A condition wherein an inc in blood flow velocity causes a dec in viscosity

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21
Q

Blood without movement (when you stop heart and allow blood to stay there) will exert a pressure in your walls (mean capillary filling pressure) which is about __. Until when will this happen?

A

~7 mmHg; until it clots

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22
Q

Factors affecting resistance

A

R = 8Ln/ pi r^4

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23
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

  • Formula
  • Assumptions
A

Q = Pgrad/R

-cannot answer all questions because he was talking about Newtonian Fluid here

Assumptions

  1. BVs are long, straight, and rigid
  2. Blood viscosity is constant and independent of flow
  3. Blood is flowing under steady laminar conditions
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24
Q

T or F. Blood vessels are rigid.

A

False! They’re distensible not rigid.

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25
What is the mean arterial pressure?
Average arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle
26
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
27
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
28
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
29
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
30
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
31
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
32
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
33
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
34
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
35
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
36
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
37
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
38
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
39
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
40
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
41
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
42
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
43
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
44
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
45
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
46
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
47
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
48
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
49
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
50
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
51
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
52
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
53
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
54
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
55
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
56
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
57
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
58
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
59
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
60
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
61
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
62
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
63
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
64
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
65
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
66
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
67
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
68
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
69
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
70
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
71
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
72
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
73
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
74
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
75
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
76
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
77
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
78
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
79
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
80
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
81
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
82
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
83
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
84
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
85
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
86
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
87
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
88
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
89
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
90
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
91
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
92
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
93
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
94
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
95
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
96
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
97
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
98
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
99
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
100
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
101
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
102
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
103
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
104
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
105
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
106
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
107
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
108
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
109
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
110
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
111
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
112
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
113
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
114
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
115
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
116
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
117
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
118
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
119
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
120
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
121
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
122
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
123
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
124
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
125
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
126
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
127
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
128
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
129
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
130
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
131
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
132
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
133
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
134
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
135
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
136
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
137
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
138
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
139
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
140
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
141
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
142
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
143
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
144
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
145
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
146
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
147
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
148
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
149
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
150
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
151
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
152
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
153
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
154
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
155
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
156
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
157
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
158
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
159
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
160
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
161
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
162
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
163
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
164
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
165
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
166
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
167
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
168
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
169
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
170
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
171
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
172
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
173
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
174
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
175
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
176
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
177
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
178
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
179
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
180
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
181
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
182
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
183
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
184
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
185
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
186
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
187
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
188
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
189
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
190
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
191
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
192
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
193
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
194
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
195
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
196
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
197
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
198
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
199
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
200
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
201
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
202
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
203
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
204
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
205
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
206
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
207
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
208
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
209
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
210
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
211
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
212
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
213
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
214
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
215
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
216
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
217
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
218
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
219
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
220
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
221
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
222
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
223
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
224
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
225
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
226
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
227
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
228
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
229
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
230
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
231
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
232
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
233
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
234
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
235
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
236
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
237
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
238
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
239
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
240
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
241
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
242
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
243
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
244
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
245
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
246
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
247
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
248
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
249
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
250
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
251
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
252
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
253
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
254
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
255
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
256
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
257
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
258
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
259
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
260
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
261
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
262
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
263
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
264
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
265
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
266
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
267
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
268
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
269
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
270
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
271
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
272
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
273
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
274
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
275
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
276
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
277
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
278
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
279
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
280
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
281
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
282
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
283
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
284
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
285
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
286
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
287
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
288
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
289
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
290
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
291
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
292
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
293
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
294
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
295
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
296
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
297
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
298
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
299
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
300
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
301
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
302
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
303
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
304
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
305
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
306
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
307
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
308
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
309
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
310
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
311
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
312
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
313
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
314
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
315
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
316
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
317
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
318
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
319
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
320
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
321
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
322
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
323
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
324
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
325
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
326
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
327
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
328
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
329
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
330
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
331
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
332
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
333
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
334
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
335
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
336
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
337
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
338
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
339
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
340
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
341
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
342
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
343
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
344
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
345
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
346
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
347
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
348
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
349
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
350
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
351
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
352
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
353
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
354
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
355
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
356
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
357
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
358
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
359
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
360
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
361
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
362
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
363
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
364
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
365
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
366
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
367
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
368
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
369
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
370
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
371
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
372
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
373
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
374
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
375
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
376
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
377
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
378
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
379
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
380
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
381
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
382
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
383
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
384
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
385
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
386
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
387
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
388
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
389
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
390
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
391
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
392
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
393
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
394
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
395
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
396
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
397
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
398
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
399
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
400
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
401
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
402
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
403
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
404
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
405
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
406
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
407
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
408
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
409
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
410
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
411
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
412
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
413
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
414
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
415
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
416
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
417
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
418
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
419
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
420
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
421
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
422
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
423
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
424
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
425
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
426
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
427
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
428
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
429
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
430
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
431
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
432
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
433
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
434
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
435
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
436
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
437
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
438
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
439
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
440
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
441
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
442
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
443
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
444
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
445
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
446
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
447
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
448
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
449
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
450
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
451
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
452
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
453
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
454
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
455
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
456
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
457
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
458
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
459
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
460
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
461
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
462
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
463
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
464
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
465
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
466
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
467
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
468
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
469
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
470
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
471
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
472
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
473
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
474
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
475
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
476
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
477
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
478
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
479
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
480
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
481
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
482
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
483
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
484
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
485
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
486
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
487
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
488
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
489
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
490
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
491
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
492
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
493
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
494
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
495
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
496
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
497
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
498
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
499
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
500
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
501
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
502
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
503
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
504
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
505
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
506
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
507
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
508
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
509
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
510
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
511
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
512
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
513
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
514
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
515
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
516
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
517
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
518
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
519
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
520
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
521
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
522
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
523
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
524
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
525
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
526
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
527
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
528
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
529
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
530
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
531
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
532
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
533
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
534
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
535
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
536
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
537
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
538
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
539
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
540
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
541
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
542
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
543
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
544
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
545
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
546
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
547
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
548
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
549
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
550
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
551
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
552
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
553
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
554
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
555
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
556
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
557
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
558
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
559
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
560
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
561
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
562
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
563
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
564
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
565
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
566
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
567
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
568
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
569
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
570
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
571
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
572
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
573
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
574
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
575
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
576
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
577
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
578
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
579
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
580
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
581
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
582
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
583
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
584
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
585
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
586
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
587
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
588
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
589
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
590
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
591
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
592
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
593
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
594
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
595
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
596
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
597
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
598
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
599
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
600
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
601
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
602
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
603
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
604
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
605
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
606
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
607
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
608
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
609
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
610
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
611
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
612
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
613
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
614
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
615
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
616
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
617
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
618
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
619
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
620
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
621
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
622
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
623
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
624
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
625
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
626
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
627
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
628
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
629
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
630
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
631
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
632
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
633
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
634
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
635
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
636
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
637
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
638
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
639
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
640
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
641
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
642
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
643
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
644
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
645
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
646
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
647
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
648
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
649
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
650
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
651
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
652
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
653
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
654
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
655
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
656
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
657
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
658
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
659
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
660
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
661
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
662
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
663
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
664
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
665
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
666
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
667
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
668
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
669
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
670
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
671
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
672
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
673
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
674
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
675
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
676
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
677
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
678
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
679
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
680
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
681
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
682
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
683
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
684
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
685
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
686
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
687
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
688
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
689
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
690
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
691
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
692
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
693
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
694
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
695
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
696
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
697
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
698
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
699
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
700
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
701
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
702
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
703
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
704
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
705
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
706
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
707
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
708
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
709
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
710
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
711
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
712
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
713
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
714
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
715
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
716
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
717
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
718
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
719
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
720
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
721
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
722
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
723
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
724
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
725
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
726
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
727
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
728
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
729
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
730
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
731
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
732
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
733
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
734
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
735
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
736
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
737
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
738
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
739
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
740
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
741
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
742
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
743
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
744
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
745
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
746
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
747
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
748
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
749
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
750
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
751
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
752
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
753
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
754
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
755
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
756
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
757
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
758
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
759
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
760
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
761
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
762
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
763
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
764
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
765
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
766
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
767
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
768
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
769
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
770
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
771
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
772
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
773
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
774
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
775
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
776
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
777
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
778
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
779
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
780
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
781
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
782
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
783
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
784
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
785
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
786
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
787
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
788
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
789
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
790
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
791
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
792
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
793
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
794
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
795
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
796
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
797
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
798
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
799
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
800
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
801
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
802
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
803
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
804
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
805
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
806
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
807
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
808
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
809
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
810
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
811
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
812
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
813
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
814
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
815
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
816
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
817
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
818
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
819
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
820
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
821
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
822
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
823
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
824
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
825
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
826
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
827
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
828
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
829
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
830
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
831
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
832
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
833
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
834
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
835
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
836
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
837
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
838
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
839
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
840
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
841
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
842
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
843
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
844
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
845
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
846
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
847
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
848
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
849
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
850
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
851
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
852
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
853
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
854
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
855
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
856
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
857
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
858
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
859
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
860
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
861
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
862
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
863
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
864
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
865
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
866
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
867
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
868
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
869
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
870
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
871
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
872
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
873
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
874
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
875
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
876
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
877
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
878
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
879
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
880
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
881
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
882
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
883
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
884
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
885
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
886
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
887
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
888
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
889
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
890
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
891
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
892
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
893
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
894
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
895
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
896
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
897
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
898
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
899
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
900
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
901
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
902
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
903
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
904
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
905
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
906
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
907
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
908
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
909
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
910
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
911
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
912
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
913
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
914
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
915
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
916
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
917
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
918
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
919
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
920
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
921
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
922
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
923
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
924
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
925
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
926
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
927
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
928
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
929
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
930
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
931
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
932
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
933
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
934
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
935
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
936
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
937
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
938
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
939
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
940
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
941
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
942
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
943
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
944
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
945
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
946
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
947
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
948
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
949
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
950
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
951
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
952
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
953
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
954
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
955
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
956
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
957
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
958
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
959
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
960
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
961
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
962
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
963
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
964
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
965
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
966
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
967
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
968
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
969
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
970
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
971
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
972
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
973
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
974
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
975
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
976
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
977
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
978
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
979
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
980
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
981
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
982
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
983
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
984
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
985
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
986
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
987
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
988
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
989
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
990
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
991
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
992
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
993
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
994
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
995
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
996
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
997
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
998
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
999
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1000
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1001
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1002
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1003
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1004
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1005
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1006
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1007
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1008
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1009
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1010
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1011
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1012
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1013
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1014
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1015
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1016
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1017
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1018
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1019
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1020
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1021
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1022
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1023
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1024
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1025
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1026
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1027
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1028
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1029
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1030
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1031
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1032
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1033
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1034
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1035
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1036
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1037
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1038
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1039
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1040
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1041
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1042
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1043
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1044
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1045
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1046
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1047
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1048
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1049
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1050
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1051
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1052
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1053
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1054
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1055
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1056
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1057
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1058
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1059
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1060
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1061
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1062
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1063
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1064
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1065
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1066
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1067
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1068
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1069
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1070
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1071
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1072
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1073
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1074
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1075
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1076
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1077
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1078
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1079
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1080
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1081
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1082
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1083
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1084
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1085
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1086
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1087
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1088
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1089
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1090
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1091
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1092
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1093
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1094
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1095
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1096
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1097
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1098
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1099
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1100
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1101
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1102
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1103
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1104
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1105
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1106
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1107
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1108
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1109
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1110
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1111
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1112
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1113
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1114
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1115
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1116
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1117
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1118
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1119
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1120
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1121
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1122
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1123
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1124
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1125
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1126
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1127
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1128
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1129
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1130
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1131
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1132
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1133
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1134
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1135
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1136
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1137
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1138
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1139
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1140
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1141
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1142
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1143
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1144
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1145
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1146
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1147
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1148
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1149
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1150
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1151
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1152
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1153
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1154
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1155
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1156
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1157
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1158
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1159
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1160
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1161
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1162
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1163
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1164
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1165
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1166
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1167
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1168
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1169
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1170
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1171
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1172
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1173
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1174
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1175
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1176
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1177
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1178
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1179
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1180
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1181
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1182
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1183
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1184
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1185
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1186
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1187
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1188
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1189
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1190
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1191
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1192
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1193
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1194
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1195
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1196
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1197
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1198
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1199
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1200
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1201
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1202
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1203
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1204
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1205
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1206
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1207
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1208
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1209
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1210
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1211
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1212
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1213
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1214
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1215
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1216
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1217
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1218
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1219
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1220
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1221
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1222
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1223
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1224
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1225
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1226
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1227
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1228
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1229
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1230
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1231
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1232
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1233
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1234
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1235
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1236
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1237
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1238
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1239
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1240
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1241
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1242
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1243
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1244
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1245
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1246
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1247
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1248
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1249
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1250
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1251
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1252
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1253
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1254
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1255
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1256
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1257
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1258
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1259
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1260
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1261
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1262
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1263
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1264
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1265
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1266
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1267
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1268
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1269
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1270
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1271
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1272
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1273
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1274
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1275
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1276
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1277
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1278
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1279
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1280
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1281
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1282
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1283
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1284
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1285
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1286
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1287
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1288
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1289
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1290
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1291
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1292
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1293
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1294
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1295
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1296
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1297
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1298
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1299
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1300
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1301
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1302
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1303
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1304
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1305
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1306
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1307
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1308
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1309
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1310
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1311
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1312
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1313
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1314
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1315
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1316
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1317
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1318
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1319
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1320
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1321
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1322
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1323
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1324
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1325
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1326
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1327
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1328
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1329
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1330
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1331
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1332
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1333
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1334
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1335
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1336
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1337
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1338
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1339
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1340
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1341
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1342
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1343
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1344
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1345
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1346
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1347
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1348
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1349
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1350
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1351
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1352
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1353
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1354
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1355
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1356
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1357
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1358
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1359
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1360
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1361
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1362
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1363
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1364
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1365
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1366
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1367
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1368
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1369
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1370
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1371
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1372
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1373
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1374
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1375
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1376
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1377
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1378
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1379
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1380
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1381
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1382
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1383
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1384
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1385
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1386
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1387
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1388
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1389
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1390
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1391
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1392
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1393
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1394
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1395
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1396
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1397
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1398
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1399
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1400
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1401
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1402
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1403
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1404
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1405
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1406
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1407
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1408
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1409
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1410
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1411
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1412
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1413
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1414
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1415
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1416
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1417
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1418
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1419
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1420
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1421
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1422
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1423
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1424
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1425
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1426
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1427
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1428
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1429
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1430
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1431
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1432
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1433
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1434
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1435
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1436
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1437
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1438
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1439
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1440
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1441
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1442
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1443
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1444
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1445
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1446
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1447
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1448
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1449
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1450
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1451
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1452
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1453
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1454
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1455
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1456
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1457
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1458
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1459
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1460
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1461
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1462
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1463
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1464
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1465
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1466
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1467
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1468
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1469
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1470
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1471
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1472
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1473
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1474
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1475
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1476
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1477
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1478
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1479
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1480
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1481
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1482
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1483
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1484
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1485
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1486
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1487
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1488
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1489
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1490
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1491
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1492
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1493
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1494
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1495
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1496
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1497
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1498
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1499
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1500
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1501
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1502
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1503
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1504
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1505
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1506
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1507
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1508
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1509
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1510
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1511
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1512
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1513
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1514
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1515
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1516
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1517
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1518
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1519
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1520
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1521
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1522
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1523
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1524
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1525
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1526
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1527
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1528
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1529
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1530
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1531
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1532
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1533
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1534
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1535
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1536
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1537
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1538
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1539
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1540
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1541
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1542
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1543
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1544
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1545
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1546
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1547
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1548
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1549
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1550
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1551
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1552
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1553
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1554
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1555
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1556
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1557
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1558
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1559
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1560
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1561
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1562
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1563
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1564
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1565
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1566
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1567
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1568
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1569
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1570
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1571
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1572
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1573
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1574
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1575
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1576
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1577
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1578
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1579
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1580
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1581
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1582
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1583
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1584
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1585
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1586
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1587
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1588
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1589
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1590
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1591
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1592
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1593
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1594
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1595
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1596
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1597
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1598
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1599
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1600
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1601
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1602
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1603
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1604
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1605
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1606
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1607
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1608
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1609
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1610
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1611
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1612
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1613
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1614
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1615
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1616
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1617
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1618
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1619
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1620
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1621
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1622
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1623
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1624
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1625
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1626
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1627
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1628
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1629
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1630
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1631
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1632
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1633
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1634
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1635
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1636
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1637
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1638
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1639
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1640
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1641
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1642
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1643
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1644
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1645
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1646
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1647
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1648
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1649
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1650
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1651
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1652
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1653
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1654
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1655
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1656
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1657
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1658
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1659
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1660
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1661
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1662
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1663
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1664
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1665
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1666
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1667
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1668
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1669
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1670
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1671
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1672
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1673
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1674
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1675
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1676
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1677
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1678
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1679
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1680
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1681
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1682
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1683
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1684
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1685
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1686
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1687
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1688
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1689
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1690
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1691
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1692
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1693
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1694
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1695
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1696
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1697
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1698
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1699
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1700
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1701
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1702
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1703
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1704
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1705
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1706
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1707
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1708
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1709
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1710
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1711
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1712
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1713
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1714
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1715
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1716
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1717
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1718
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1719
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1720
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1721
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1722
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1723
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1724
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1725
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1726
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1727
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1728
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1729
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1730
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1731
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1732
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1733
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1734
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1735
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1736
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1737
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1738
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1739
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1740
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1741
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1742
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1743
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1744
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1745
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1746
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1747
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1748
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1749
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1750
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1751
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1752
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1753
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1754
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1755
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1756
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1757
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1758
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1759
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1760
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1761
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1762
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1763
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1764
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1765
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1766
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1767
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1768
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1769
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1770
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1771
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1772
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1773
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1774
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1775
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1776
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1777
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1778
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1779
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1780
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1781
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1782
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1783
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1784
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1785
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1786
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1787
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1788
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1789
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1790
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1791
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1792
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1793
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1794
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1795
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1796
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1797
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1798
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1799
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1800
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1801
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1802
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1803
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1804
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1805
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1806
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1807
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1808
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1809
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1810
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1811
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1812
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1813
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1814
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1815
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1816
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1817
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1818
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1819
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1820
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1821
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1822
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1823
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1824
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1825
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1826
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1827
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1828
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1829
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1830
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1831
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1832
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1833
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1834
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1835
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1836
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1837
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1838
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1839
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1840
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1841
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1842
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1843
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1844
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1845
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1846
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1847
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1848
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1849
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1850
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1851
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1852
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1853
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1854
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1855
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1856
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1857
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1858
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP
1859
Function of | Aorta, large artery, small artery, arteriole, capillaries, venule, vein, vena cava
Distribution - Aorta and large artery Resistance - small a and arteriole Exchange - Cap Capacitance - V’s
1860
What are your pressure reservoir? How?
-
1861
What is compliance? Which of the ff have more compliant vessels? A. Old people B. Artery or vein C. Which vessel has the highest compliance among the arteries?
ability of a chamber of the heart or the lumen of a blood vessel to distend in response to an increase in pressure C = deltaV/delta P A. More compliant = young bc elastin > collagen B. Vein > Artery C. Aorta
1862
What is the trend of the vessels in the ff: 1. Vessel diameter 2. Total xs area of vessels 3. Average BP 4. Velocity of blood flow
1. Vessel diameter: Parabolic but highest in Vena Cavae 2. Total xs area: Highest in capillaries 3. Average blood pressure: Highest in elastic arteries then lowest in vena cavae 4. Velocity of blood flow: Lowest in capillaries; parabolic but higher in elastic arteries side
1863
What is Mean Arterial Pressure? Central Venous Pressure?
Mean Arterial Pressure -average pressure in the aorta throughout the cardiac cycle ~85-90 mmHg Central Venous Pressure -pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity leading to the righjt atrium ~2-8 mmHg ~ 0 mmHg
1864
Differences between the pressure in the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins? Is a pressure difference of 70 mmHg in the pulmonary arterial pressure normal?
During cardiac cycle: Pulmonary arterial pressure = ~15 mmHg Pulmonary venous pressure = ~0 mmHg No!! That’s too high.
1865
Relate: | Arterioles, Blood pressure, and capillaries
Arterioles have a lot of muscles. They constrict to increase resistance by lowering the diameter = less flow. This is good because you would want to have a pressure drop in the capillaries so they will not burst.
1866
Effect of vessel radius/caliber on resistance?
Inversely proportional Note: THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING RESISTANCE TO FLOW!!!
1867
What happens to the vessels in your skin when it is cold? Warm?
*E.g. Vessels in skin -> pag malamig you turn white bc when it’s cold, vessels in skin will constrict -> less blood flow —> namumutla Vasoconstrict to conserve heat underneath the subQ area = good When it is hot = rosy cheeks Vessels in skin -> dilate in response to heat so more heat loss Responsible for this response: ANS!!!
1868
If vessel A and B have the same pressure gradient but vessel B has twice the diameter of vessel A, relate the flow of the two vessels.
Vessel B will have 16 times more flow of Vessel A!
1869
Effect of vessel length on resistance. Can you still alter this factor once you’ve reached adulthood? Q: Which has more BV requirement - muscle or adipose?
Directly proportional. Yes!! Alter it by gaining weight; for every ~10 lbs you gain, you get 2000 to 4000 miles of vessels depending upon the nature of the gained tissue. More BV requirement: Muscle (contract, move, overcome)
1870
What affects perfusion of tissues?
Resistance and Pressure! Flow = P/R Higher resistance = dec flow Inc P gradient in the system = inc flow
1871
What is the critical closing pressure? What is the internal arterial pressure threshold?
Critical closing pressure Arterial critical closing pressure: 20 mmHg
1872
Are there more series or parallel vessels? Why?
Parallel! In series, the resistance is too high and we don’t want too high resistance. Series: Rtot = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn Parallel: Rn = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)
1873
What does the Bernoulli’s principle state? When is this applicable?
Bernoulli’s Principle: Energy in the system has to be maintained. Only applicable when there is a narrowed region (stenosis) not a whole line or narrowed artery. THUS, using Bernoulli’s Principle, in a stenosis, the velocity increases as the diameter decreases.
1874
Greater blood volume = inc/dec pressure?
Increase (more fluid pressing against arterial walls)
1875
How to calculate for: Flow rate of a liquid through a pipe (Q)
Q = volume flowing per unit of time = Pressure grad/Resistance
1876
Blood flow = velocity
No! Referring to shear rate because of layers of shear against each other
1877
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis - plaque build up Arteriosclerosis -with Ca2+ making the tubes more rigid
1878
If you have a problem with your systolic BP, what would you first look at? Diastolic BP?
Systolic: HR or SV (Heart) Diastolic: TPR (Vessels) When <3 is in diastole, no P so TPR is the one maintaining the pressure
1879
What does sympathetic alter in CO? Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic: HR AND (SV) CONTRACTILITY Parasympathetic: HR only
1880
Difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine in stress?
Norepinephrine will constrict your vessels Epinephrine will NOT constrict all vessels. During stress, increases blood flow in coronary arteries, and in turn, the <3.
1881
Physiological Determinants of mean arterial pressure?
1. Cardiac Output | 2. TPR
1882
Exact specific time of occurrence of A. Systole B. Diastole
A. Systole - near end of the stroke output of the LV B. Diastole - late during ventricular diastole
1883
What is pulse pressure? Clinical significance?
Pulse pressure = Systolic P - Diastolic P = SV/C (aortic) Clinical significance: Determining if the SV or the compliance of the aorta of the patient is good
1884
Physical determinants of Mean Systemic Pressure
1. Arterial Blood Volume | 2. Arterial Compliance - elasticity, RECOIL
1885
Where would <3 do more work - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent! In laminar, energy is more conserved.
1886
What is Reynold’s number? Its significance?
Reynold’s number - Ratio of inertial to viscous forces - Formula = Re = density x velocity x diameter of pipe / dynamic viscosity - Laminar < 2000-3000 < Turbulent
1887
Which is bad - laminar or turbulent flow?
Turbulent because it is more prone to atherosclerosis. Laminar, on the other hand, is atheroprotective.
1888
What is fluid shear stress? Importance?
Fluid shear stress (FSS) is the frictional force of blood flow through an artery. This force is essential for vascular homeostasis. Lower FSS = atheroprotective
1889
Effect of viscosity on Reynold’s number
Decrease More viscous = less turbulence
1890
When taking the arterial BP 1. What are you listening to using your stethoscope? 2. What happens when you inflate the cuff? 3. When you don’t hear a sound anymore 4. Should be in the arm. Why?
1. Degree of turbulence 2. Occluding the artery 3. You’ve fully opened the artery 4. Large arteries
1891
What are the Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds produced by turbulent flow of blood through a narrowed artery
1892
Normal BP?
Less than 120/80
1893
Effect of gravity in arterial and venous pressures
Lower height MAP = increases Venous Pressure = increases (no decrements; only inc)
1894
Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor on BP
Stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptor -> sends impulses to medullary cardiovascular center (MCC): cardioregulatory and vasomotor centers in medulla oblongata -> increased BP *ANS will then decrease HR, SV, and TPR so CO and TPR will increase so BP goes down (autoregulation)
1895
If O2 is low and CO2 is high, what will happen to your HR?
Increase due to vasoconstriction because you want increased blood flow to the lungs to increase RR giving ventilation; in turn, CO will increase. Thus, HR will increase.
1896
Effect of increased venous return on HR?
Inc VR -> stretch right atrium -> stretch SA node -> impulse back to medullary center (via CN IX and X) -> inc sympathetic output to <3 -> inc HR
1897
Effect of cataract on BP?
*not same as powerlab expt because: in catact: anterior chamber lang blocked yung fluid; sa powerlab: oculocardiac = whole eyeball pressure as stimulated by vagus n from parasympathetic center stimulation -> slower HR* Cataract -> Increase BP

Physio III 💘 (6 decks)

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