4. Human Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

What is surface anatomy important for?

Answer 1

Centering and localisation

Question 2

What is the standard anatomical position?

Answer 2

Standard upright, facing forward, feet flat on the floor, arms down by the side, palms facing outwards.

Question 3

What are the anatomical planes?

Answer 3

Sagittal - slice from front of face to back of head
Coronal - slice from shoulder to shoulder
Transverse - slice in belly

Question 4

Define supine.

Answer 4

Lying on your back, face up.

Question 5

Define prone.

Answer 5

Lying on your front, face down.

Question 6

Define unilateral.

Answer 6

Indicating one side of the body.

Question 7

Define bilateral.

Answer 7

Indicating both sides of the body.

Question 8

Define ipsilateral.

Answer 8

On the same side of the body.

Question 9

Define contralateral.

Answer 9

On the opposite side.

Question 10

Define superficial.

Answer 10

Close to the surface.

Question 11

Define deep.

Answer 11

Further from the surface.

Question 12

Define flexion.

Answer 12

Bending of a joint.

Question 13

Define extension.

Answer 13

Straightening of a joint.

Question 14

Define abduction.

Answer 14

Moving away from trunk.

Question 15

Define adduction.

Answer 15

Moving towards the trunk.

Question 16

Define supination.

Answer 16

Turning the anterior aspect towards the front.

Question 17

Define pronation.

Answer 17

Turning the anterior aspect towards the back.

Question 18

Define rotation.

Answer 18

Turning on a singe axis.

Question 19

Define circumduction.

Answer 19

Triplane circular motion.

Question 20

Define external rotation.

Answer 20

Rotating away from midline.

Question 21

Define internal rotation.

Answer 21

Rotating towards midline.

Question 22

Define lateral flexion.

Answer 22

Trunk bend to the left or right.

Question 23

What is located in the Thoracic cavity?

Answer 23

Pleural cavity, Pericardial cavity, Mediastinum.

Question 24

Describe the pleural cavity.

Answer 24

This is the lining in the edge of the thoracic cavity, which houses the lungs.

Parietal pleura lines the chest wall.
Visceral pleura line the lung parenchyma.

Question 25

Describe the pericardial cavity.

Answer 25

This contains the heart. Pericardium encapsulates the heart.

Question 26

What does the mediastinum contain?

Answer 26

The great vessels, trachea, oesophagus.

Question 27

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

Answer 27

Stomach, spleen, liver, kidneys, pancreas and gastrointestinal tract.

Question 28

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

Answer 28

Bladder, reproductive organs, urethra and rectum.

Question 29

List the Hierarchy of Structural Organisation.

Answer 29

Organism > organ system > organ > tissue > cellular > chemical.

Question 30

Role of skeletal system.

Answer 30

Provide strength, tension and a frame for the body. Protect internal organs. Support movement + posture. Produce blood cells. Storage of minerals.

Question 31

What does axial and appendicular system mean?

Answer 31

Axial - middle: skull, spine, ribs. Appendicular - everything else.

Question 32

How many bones are there in total?

Answer 32

206

Question 33

What is the role of the muscular system?

Answer 33

Provide structure Help maintain posture Control movement (voluntary + involuntary) Protect internal organs

Question 34

What is the role of the integumentary system (skin)?

Answer 34

Physical barrier Provide sensory information - touch, pain, temperature Thermoregulation - e.g. sweating, heat loss Maintains fluid balance

Question 35

What is the role of the respiratory system?

Answer 35

Allows inhalation + exhalation of air Moistens air Facilitates gaseous exchange - e.g. oxygen into blood CO2 out Facilitates speech

Question 36

What is the role of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 36

Circulation of blood Transport: oxygen rich blood, nutrients, hormones. Removal of waste product for extretion

Question 37

What is the role of the nervous system?

Answer 37

Controls the body (voluntary + involuntary movement) Enable co-ordination Process sensory information Higher functions - personality, memory, cognition, emotions

Question 38

What is the role of the digestive system (alimentary canal)?

Answer 38

Ingestion of nutrients + fluid Digestion of food Absorption of nutrients and water Excretion of waste products

Question 39

What is the role of the urinary system?

Answer 39

Excretion of waste products Control of fluid balance Helps maintain blood pressure Production of erythrpietin

Question 40

What is the role of the lymphatic system?

Answer 40

Immunity ~ monitors body surface + compartments ~ transports foreign material for disposal Helps with absorption of fatty acids from the digestive system

Question 41

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Answer 41

Produce hormones which regulate: ~ growth ~metabolism ~hunger/thirst ~sleep ~thromboregulation ~reproductive drive

Question 42

What is the function of the male reproductive system?

Answer 42

Spermatogenesis Feritilisation of the ovum Production of testosterone

Question 43

What is the function of the female reproductive system?

Answer 43

Release an ovum Pregnancy Protects a foetus Initiate lactation Produce hormones - oestrogen + progesterone