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sam exam > 4. Long arm of Law > Flashcards

4. Long arm of Law Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

There are 2 main types of rules:

A

Legal Rules -
Non-legal Rules -

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2
Q

Legal Rules -

A

these permit, modify or prohibit the activities of all people in the community. We are going to call these LAWS.

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3
Q

Non-legal Rules -

A

these determine what behaviour is unacceptable in particular groups or institutions. We call the RULES.

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4
Q

Laws are very similar to rules. The main differences are

A

Who makes them
who has to follow them and
What happens if you breach them.

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5
Q

Rules

A

Rules are binding on or followed by those who created them or voluntarily submitted to them, and are enforced by the organization, with generally minimal consequences for breaking rules.

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6
Q

Laws

A

Laws, made by Parliament, council, or court, are binding and enforced by the state, with consequences including jail time, fines, restricted rights, and job loss.

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7
Q

Criminal Law

A

Criminal Law is concerned with cases in which a person has committed an offence against the well being of the community.

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8
Q

criminal law It includes offences against:

A
  • The state, such as terrorism or sabotage
  • A person, such as murder or assault
  • Property, such as theft or damage
  • Public order, such as traffic offences, tagging and abusive language
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9
Q

Summary

A

Less serious criminal offences are referred to as Summary offences

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10
Q

Indictable offences

A

these are serious criminal offences that are heard

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11
Q

Children under 10

A

cannot be held responsible for committing a crime - it is believed they do not know the difference between right and wrong.

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12
Q

For children aged 10 - 14

A

they are presumed to not understand the consequences of their actions - up to the prosecution or police to prove they knew what they were doing was wrong

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13
Q

From age 15 and up,

A

From age 15 and up, young people can be punished - sanctions, court might be different to adults.

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

Civil Law

A

Civil Law is concerned with cases in which there is a dispute between private individuals. For the purposes of the law, a corporation or a company is considered to be an individual.

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15
Q

Examples of civil cases include:

A

Defamation - protect your reputation
Negligence - protect yourself
Trespass - protect your property

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15
Q

Civil laws are needed to:

A

Protect your rights

Impose a duty on others not to do anything to cause us harm

Provide a remedy such as compensation in the event of a breach of a civil right

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16
Q

Possible Court Finding Criminal Law

A

Guilty
Not Guilty
No Decision

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17
Q

Possible Court Finding Civil Law

A

Defendant liable or not liable

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18
Q

Possible outcomes Criminal law

A

Penalty - fine, imprisonment to punish

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19
Q

Possible Outcomes civil law

A

Civil remedy such as damages (monetary compensation)

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20
Q

Standard of Proof

Study These Flashcards
A

Criminal: Beyond Reasonable doubt
Civil: On the balance of probability

21
Q

Parties Involved

Study These Flashcards
A

criminal: Prosecution and defendant
civil: Plaintiff and defendant

22
Q

Jury

Study These Flashcards
A

criminal: For all cases in the County and Supreme Courts there are 12 jurors
Civil: Only if one party requests a jury - it consists of 6 jurors

23
Judge
person in charge of County or Supreme Court
24
Magistrate
person in charge of the Magistrates’ Court
25
Judge’s Associate
judge’s helper
26
Magistrate’s Clerk -
magistrate’s helper
27
Prosecutor -
person who represents the State in Court, tries to prove the defendant is guilty
28
Barrister -
person who represent the accused/defendant
29
Closed court
one where the judge does not allow members of the public to attend
30
Enforcing the Law - Role of the Courts
Courts are like schools - they are organised in a hierarchy, where courts hear different cases depending on: The type of case Where the relevant action took place How serious it was
31
Aus Court hierachy
1. High Court 2. Supreme court 3. County court 4. Magistrates
32
vic Court Hierarchy
-Supreme Court -County Court -Magistrates’ Court - Coroner’s Court and Children’s Court
33
supreme court
criminal: Most serious indictable offences (murder, manslaughter) civil: serious offences - 750,000+ appeals: From the County Court and the Magistrates’ court
34
County Court
criminal: Serious indictable offences (rape, armed robbery) Civil: More serious (unlimited amount of damages) No minimum and no maximum Appeals: Some appeals from the Magistrates’ Court
35
Magistrates’ Court
criminal: Minor (summary) offences (speeding, drink driving, theft). Committal hearings Civil: Up to maximum of $100,000 in damages being sought by the plaintiff. Appeals: NONE
36
Benefits of a Court Hierarchy
Specialisation Precedent Rights of appeal Administrative convenience
37
Appeals
An Appeal is a request to a higher court to review a decision made by a lower court.
38
Children’s Court
Presided over by a Magistrate Purpose is rehabilitation, not punishment Always closed to the public
39
Childrens court divisions
Criminal Division - where defendant is 10 - 18 years old when the crime was committed and under 19 when the trial occurs Family Division - cases for children 0 - 17 years of age who are in need of care and protection as the child is at risk through;
40
Committal hearing -
heard in the Magistrates’ Court. The Magistrate has to decide whether the accused (who has pleaded not guilty) for a serious criminal offence should be sent to stand trial in the County or Supreme Court.
41
Bail
is the release of an accused person back into society while awaiting trial.
42
Remand
to hold a person in custody while awaiting trial.
43
Drug Treatment Order parts
A DTO consists of 2 parts: Custodial - sentence of imprisonment - not exceeding two years - to be served in the community to allow the participant to receive drug and/or alcohol treatment Treatment and supervision - aims to address the participant’s drug and/or alcohol dependency
44
Judge
A fully qualified lawyer who normally has been a barrister for several years
45
The Jury
Based on the principle that people should be tried before their peers In criminal trials, need either unanimous decision of all 12 for very serious cases or 11 out of 12 for less serious cases - they decide whether accused person is guilty or not - beyond reasonable doubt. In a civil trial the jury decide who is liable - on the balance of probability
46
Criminal Juries
Each jury consists of 12 jurors. Juries are mandatory in indictable criminal cases in County or Supreme courts when the accused pleads not guilty, funded by the Victorian State government. unanimous verdict
47
Process of Jury selection
Those whose names are randomly chosen from the electoral roll receive a Notice of Jury Selection. They also receive a questionnaire from Juries Commissioner which they have to return within 14 days. The answers to these questions helps determine whether they are: Ineligible Disqualified Excused
48
Juror - Ineligible
Are employed in the legal industry - Are intellectually or physically handicapped who are incapable of performing jury duty (deaf, blind) Cannot speak and/or understand English
49
Juror disqualified
These are people who would be eligible for jury service but because of how they acted in the past are not the type of person we want on a jury. People who have been imprisoned for 3 months or more in the last 5 years, or have served at least 3 years in jail in their life, or are on remand, bail or are an undischarged bankrupt
50
Juror - Excused
Illness or poor health Incapacity Distance (>50km for melbourne, >60km for rural) Excessive time/inconvenience Would cause substantial hardship/financial hardship Person is a carer and no alternatives exist Advanced age Practising member of a religious order and the beliefs/principles of that order are inconsistent with jury duty Any other matter of special urgency/importance
51
Civil Juries
If monetary compensation is being sought, civil juries decide Who is liable
52

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