4 - Neandertals and Modern Humans

Question 1

Mousterian Tool Tradition

Answer 1

Le Moustier, France
Tools are generally smaller
Levallois technique
No evidence of long distance tools

Question 2

Levallois technique

Answer 2

prepare cobble that is brittle and breaks in
percussion flaked to prepare core (make it tortoiseshell shaped)
Make a flake from the core D <– side view
Makes tools from flakes

Question 3

La (Lottle, Cottle) de St Brelade

Answer 3

of the English cannal

Evidence of communal hunting, running mammoths off cliff

Question 4

Vindija Cave Sit

Answer 4

Croatia, revealed evidence of heavy influence of meat in diet, stable isotope analysis of collagen (N15) same as carnivores

Question 5

El Salt

Answer 5

Spain, coprolites (fossilized feces), oldest ever found

analyzed fats that showed evidence of plants in diet

Question 6

The Denisovans

Answer 6

Denisova Cave, Southern Russia
DNA from finger bone was analyzed and identified as belonging to an archaic human group separate from Neandertals and modern humans
Geneticists have discovered Denisovan DNA in the modern human genome
About 5% of some populations in East Asia, esp Melenesia and Australian Aboriginals
Also tooth found
Very little of the skeleton represented so we do not know what they look like
Very cold, which helps preserve DNA

Question 7

Distinguishing characteristics of Homo sapiens

Answer 7

1400 cc
Globular skull, vertical forehead
smaller eyebrows
smaller head (teeth, jaws, mid face)
lighter body structure, thiner/lighter bones, smaller muscle attachments

Question 8

Models explaining emergence of homo sapiens

Answer 8

Multiregional
-suggests that modern humans evolved in various parts of the old world after homo erectus left africa
Replacement Model
-aka out of africa hypothesis
modern humans emerged in africa then spread out into other areas
-Neandertal ppopulations in Europe were replaced 30000-40000 ya
Supported by analysis of mDNA, fossil evidence

Question 9

OMO I

Answer 9

Ethiopia
earliest modern human
200 000 ya

Question 10

Jebel Irhoud

Answer 10

Morocco
250 000 ya
transitional, pre modern

Question 11

blade tools and replacement model

Answer 11

appear very abruptly without evidence of evolving from acheulian tools, supports replacement model

Question 12

Border Cave

Answer 12

south africa

70 000 - 80 000 BP (Before 1950)

Question 13

Herto

Answer 13

160 000 ya

Question 14

Kiasies River Mouth

Answer 14

120 000 ya

Question 15

Blambos Cave

Answer 15

Incised ochre
77000 ya
South Africa

Question 16

Qafzeh / Skuhl

Answer 16

Israel
120 000 ya
Represents first expansion of anatomically modern humans beyond Africa
Anatomically modern human in area are older than Neandertals (50-60 000 ya) from Europe

Question 17

Cro-Magnon

Answer 17

Discovered from 1868 at Rock Shelter near Les Eyzies, France
30 000 ya
Skull bears pitting, evidence of fungal infection

Question 18

Upper Paleolithic in Europe

Answer 18

period of new technologies and cultural practices
40 000 - 10 000 ya
Coincides with appearance of anatomically modern humans

Question 19

New tool technologies in the upper paleolithic

Answer 19

indirect percussion 
-punch would be hit with hammer to break off consistently shaped blades
Pressure flaking 
-reshaping or sharpening tools
-used to finish the tool

Burin

• cut, reshape, etc
• make fishhooks, harpoons, and needles

Question 20

Aurignacian

Answer 20

characterized by long thin blades

34 000 - 27 000 BO

Question 21

Gravettian

Answer 21

gravette points

27000 - 21000 BO

Question 22

Soultrean

Answer 22

characterized by heating of flint to make leaf-shaped (aka laurel leaf) blades
flourished in Spain and France
Extremely thin, up to 13 inches long

Question 23

Magdalenian

Answer 23

relied heavily on antler and bone, also ivory
using wider variety of material
16 000 - 11 000 BO
Technology/tools made up of many different parts

Question 24

Atlatl

Answer 24

spear thrwer @ 160 km per hour
developed in Europe 30 000 ya
Significant b/c it allows for distance hunting
allowed for more force to be put into throwing

Question 25

bow and arrow

Answer 25

11 000 ya (maybe even 64 000 ya, arrow points have been found without bow or shaft)

Question 26

upper paleolithic and art

Answer 26

explosion of artistic expression 40 000 ya | art, body decorating

Question 27

parietal art

Answer 27

cave wall painting

Question 28

mobilitary art

Answer 28

portable art (venus figurines and animal carvings)

Question 29

chauvet cave

Answer 29

``` france variety of art (geometric, hand stencils, animals, etc) one of the earliest paintings, 32 000 ya 3 friends discovered it dated charcol using AMS dating torch marks also found, 26 000 ya made during aurignacian ```

Question 30

el castillo cave

Answer 30

spain 40 800 ya (when both Neandertals and modern humans were around) oldest cave painting known today dated using uranium series dating (thorium : uranium) calcium carbonade over paintings formed when water dripped down cave wall study showed that 24/30 handprints were female

Question 31

lascaux

Answer 31

france, 1940, found by 18 year old man 17000 ya depicts a lot of large animals, with some humans painted using red and yellow ochre, maganese and charcol for black had both spray paint and pencil type methods oil lamp discovered (moss/juniper used as wick in deer ft) caves have been closed because co2 can corrode paintings and encourage algae growth

Question 32

altamira

Answer 32

spain 16 500 - 14 000 ya a few that may be even 36 000 years old closed to public in 20002

Question 33

venus figurines

Answer 33

small sculptures widespread through europe large breasts abdomens, wide hipes, undefined facial features wilendorf -4 3/8 inches, stone, most famous Laussel -bas relief, limestone, holding horn with 13 lines could be lunar or fertility cycle -traces of red ochre -20 000 ya Lespugue -mammoth ivory tusk, 6 inches high, 26 000 yrs old Brassempory -head is 1 1/2 inches, defined facial features -earliest representation of human face Hohle Fels -35 000 ya, 2/4 inches tall, mammoth ivory -Oldest depiction of human form, probs worn as pendant -Germany

Question 34

Animal figurines

Answer 34

hohlenstein site | 32 000 yrs old lion headed figurine, made from mammoth ivory, reconstructred from pieces, 28 cm tall

Question 35

Music

Answer 35

hohle fels cave, germany 35 000 yrs old bird bone flutes and ivory flutes

Question 36

sanguin site

Answer 36

russia 28 000 yo burial with many grave goods 1 singular older man, 2 young people together 12-13 yo male and female (thru DNA) lots of beads, pendents, fox teeth ornaments, spears, ochre, carved disks girl had misformed, bowed femurs (maternal diabetes?)

Question 37

dolni vestonice

Answer 37

czech republic 3 burried: male 16/17 wood stuck through body, female 20 spine/femur/tooth deformed, male 17/18 head smashed -may have been related (deformity in sinus cavity) but not through mother (mdna analysisvenus of dolni vestonice

Question 38

venus of Dolni vestonice

Answer 38

earliest example of fired clay

Question 39

sahul

Answer 39

land mass of "greater australia" includes australia proper, new guinea, tasmania

Question 40

sunda

Answer 40

land mass of Java, sumatra, bali, borneo

Question 41

wallace trench

Answer 41

under sea chasm between new guinea/australia and jave/borneo | wallace line -- life is different on others sides of line

Question 42

occupation of australia

Answer 42

largest water gaps would've been 80-100 km, average 20km oldest evidence of australian anatomically modern humans is south east, Lake Mungo based on dna, genetically divered 75 thousand ya

Question 43

pleistocene Megafauna

Answer 43

the larger, now extinct herbivores like mastadon, bison antiqus, sabre tooth extinction doesn't coincide with major climate change does coincide with arrival of humans fungus associated with herbivore dung disappears/dramatically decreases 41 000 ya

Question 44

clovis

Answer 44

13 500 ya | bifacially flaked points with flutes

Question 45

monte verde

Answer 45

chile, 14 500 yrs old (carbon dating), peat bog, mastadon hide recovered, rectangular houses with planked floors, wide variety of plants in diet (unlike clovis associated with mainly large game hunting)

Question 46

meadowcroft rock shelter

Answer 46

pennsylvania, footprint has been discovered

Question 47

Bering Land Bridge hypothesis

Answer 47

~85 km between asia and north america bering bridge ~ 1500 km wide 35000 - 11 000 ya Beriginia

Question 48

when did ice sheets start to separate

Answer 48

14 000 ya

Question 49

pacific costal route

Answer 49

using watercraft to travel along beringia and pacific coast no evidence of watercraft at this time in new world side scan sonar to investigate

Question 50

north atlantic ice edge

Answer 50

clovis tools bear resemblance to solutrean generally not supported -solutrean ended 500 yrs before clovis -genetics doesn't support

Question 51

Anzick site

Answer 51

montana, only confirmed clovis burial 18 mth boy, 13000 yrs old 80% Aboriginal people directly related to the boy related to populations in north east asia

Question 52

Yana RHS

Answer 52

32 000 ya, rhinosorous horn site

Question 53

significant sites in new world

Answer 53

``` swan point (alaska, 14 000 yrs ago) Bluefish cave (yukon, 15 000 - 12 000 yrs ago) debra l friedkin (texas, 15 500 yrs ago, oldest firmly dated) Paisley 5 mile point caves (oregon 14300 yrs ago, dna from coprolite) ```

Question 54

folsom tools

Answer 54

after clovis, flute goes further up than clovis, associated with now extinct, large bison

Question 55

skeletons in new world

Answer 55

rare to find, ~2 dzen over 9000 years old

Question 56

kennewick man

Answer 56

healed over projectile point in hipe, 9300 yrs old, lawsuit followed discovery most resembles the ainu of Japan ate marine mammals, drank water from alaska stocky muscular, 5'7, five broken ribs and other injuries