4. Phylogeny & Reproduction

Question 1

Phylogeny

Answer 1

The origin and diversification of any taxon, or the evolutionary history of its origin and diversification

Question 2

Homology

Answer 2

Character similarity resulting from common ancestry

Question 3

Homoplasy

Answer 3

non-homologous similarities that may be found in various organisms

Question 4

Birds wings vs Bats wings

Homoplasy and homology

Answer 4

Wings itself - homoplasy

Forelimbs - homology

Question 5

Cladistics

Answer 5

An approach or methodology for classifying organisms based on common evolutionary descent

Question 6

Cladistics accomplished by

Answer 6

Comparing characters - can be morphological, chromosomal or molecular
- Sometimes even behavioral

Question 7

Phylogenetic Tree

Answer 7

Branching diagram showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species

Question 8

Cladogram

Answer 8

A diagram used in cladistics to show evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 9

Clade

Answer 9

a unit of evolutionary common descent that includes ancestral lineage and all descendants

Question 10

Character

Answer 10

an organismal feature that varies between species

Question 11

Ancestral Character

Answer 11

Character state present in the common ancestor

Question 12

Derived character

Answer 12

all other variant forms of the character that rose later within the group

Question 13

Monophyletic clade

Answer 13

includes the most recent common ancestor all descendants of that ancestor

Question 14

Paraphyletic clade

Answer 14

includes the most recent common ancestor and some but not all descendants of that ancestor

Question 15

Polyphyletic clade

Answer 15

does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group

Question 16

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 16

Reproduction through the fusion of two specialized cells-gametes

Question 17

Asexual reproduction

Answer 17

involves only one parent
No special reproductive organs or cells
Genetically identical offspring

Question 18

Advantage of Asexual Reproduction

Answer 18

Quick and energy efficient

Sexual reproduction takes about twice as long

Question 19

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

Answer 19

Phenotypic diversity depends on mutation only

Muller’s ratchet: Accumulation of deleterious mutations

Question 20

Advantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 20

Ability to mix and match successful genes

Question 21

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 21

Energetically costly

Males do not directly produce offspring

Question 22

Binary Fission

Answer 22

Mitosis leads to individual organisms

Common among bacteria and protozoa

Question 23

Schizogony

Answer 23

Multiple fission
nucleus divides repeatedly
Cytoplasmic division then produces many daughter cells

Question 24

Budding

Answer 24

Unequal division of an organism
Bud is an outgrowth of the parent
Develops organs and then detaches

Question 25

Gemmulation

Answer 25

Formation of a new individual from an aggregation of cells | Cells are surrounded by a resistant capsule - a "gemmule

Question 26

Fragmentation

Answer 26

"Binary Fission" for multicellular organisms | Breaks into parts that become a new individual

Question 27

Bisexual Reproduction

Answer 27

Most common form of sexual reproduction

Question 28

Hermaphroditism

Answer 28

자웅동체 Male and female organs occur in same individual Most avoid self-fertilization

Question 29

Parthenogenesis

Answer 29

-Can be asexual Embryo develops from unfertilized egg Sperm may activate but not fuse with egg

Question 30

Dioecious

Answer 30

Having male and female gonads in separate individuals

Question 31

Monoecious

Answer 31

Having both male and female gonads in the same organism

Question 32

Oviparous

Answer 32

Eggs are released by female | Development occurs outside the maternal body

Question 33

Viviparous

Answer 33

Eggs develop within the female body, which provides nutritional aid Internal fertilization

Question 34

Ovoviviparous

Answer 34

- Reproduction in which eggs develop within the maternal body without additional nourishment from the parent - Hatch within parent or immediately after laying - Internal Fertilization