4-Preconception Nutrition Flashcards
At what time do reproductive systems of females and males begin to develop?
First months after conception
Menstrual cycle are cause by hormones that are secreted by?
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
- Ovary
Define Follicular phase in Menstrual cycle of female
- Begining of menstrual flow
- Low FSH and LH
- Follicle is matured, maturation of 6-20 follicles
- Low estrogen and progesterone
- Estrogen increase when at the end of the follicular phase
- Estrogen stimulate secreting GnRH
- GnRH affect the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH
- Ovulation occurs
Mechanisms which regulate fertility are disrupted by
- Adverse nutritional exposure
- Severe stress
- Infection (pelvic inflammatory disease)
- Tubal Damage
- Other structural problems
- Genetic, such as endometriosis
3 Nutritional Cause of decreasing fertility
- Undernutrition
- Excessive and Insufficient Body Fat
- Nutrient status
Food shortages can cause ________
Reduces Birth rates
Why excessive body fat could cause infertility in both men and women?
Women - Cause subfertility - High levels of estrogen, androgen, and leptin - Irregularity of menstrual cycle, ovulatory failure, and anovulatory cycles, amenorrhea Men - Lower testosterone level - Increased estrogen and leptin - Reduced sperm production
The effect of inadequate body fat in female adolescents are
- Delay the age of onset of menstruation
- Reduce fertility in later life
Why Inadequate Body fat and Men and Women can cause infertility
Women
- Decreases the estrogen, LH, and FSH concentrations
- Amenorrhea, delay time to conception, anovulatory cycles, and short or absent of luteal phases
Men
- Sperm viability and motility decreased (10-15% weight decrease)
- Sperm population ceased ( >25% of normal weight loss)
- Lowered libido and sperm production
Nutrients that associated with fertility
- Antioxidants
- Zinc
- Iron
- Soy isoflavones
- Caffeine
- Alcohol
Roles of zinc in fertility
- Reduces oxidative stress
- Sperm maturation
- Testosterone synthesis
Poor iron status in women cause ________
Lack of Ovulation
3 types of contraceptives are
- Estrogen ( estradiol )
- Progestin ( natural progesterone)
- Progestogen ( synthetic progesterone)
Side effects of using Progestin-only contraception
- Weight gain up to 4.5 kg within 5 years
- increase fat storage
- decrease bone mineral accretion in adolescent
Side effects of using Testosterone contraception
- Suppressed LH and FSH secretion
- depriving signals for spermatogenesis
- Decrease Sperm productions
