4-Preconception Nutrition

Question 1

At what time do reproductive systems of females and males begin to develop?

Answer 1

First months after conception

Question 2

Menstrual cycle are cause by hormones that are secreted by?

Answer 2

• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary gland
• Ovary

Question 3

Define Follicular phase in Menstrual cycle of female

Answer 3

1. Begining of menstrual flow
2. Low FSH and LH
3. Follicle is matured, maturation of 6-20 follicles
4. Low estrogen and progesterone
5. Estrogen increase when at the end of the follicular phase
6. Estrogen stimulate secreting GnRH
7. GnRH affect the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH
8. Ovulation occurs

Question 4

Mechanisms which regulate fertility are disrupted by

Answer 4

• Adverse nutritional exposure
• Severe stress
• Infection (pelvic inflammatory disease)
• Tubal Damage
• Other structural problems
• Genetic, such as endometriosis

Question 5

3 Nutritional Cause of decreasing fertility

Answer 5

• Undernutrition
• Excessive and Insufficient Body Fat
• Nutrient status

Question 6

Food shortages can cause ________

Answer 6

Reduces Birth rates

Question 7

Why excessive body fat could cause infertility in both men and women?

Answer 7

Women
- Cause subfertility
- High levels of estrogen, androgen, and leptin
- Irregularity of menstrual cycle, ovulatory failure, and anovulatory cycles, amenorrhea
Men
- Lower testosterone level
- Increased estrogen and leptin
- Reduced sperm production

Question 8

The effect of inadequate body fat in female adolescents are

Answer 8

• Delay the age of onset of menstruation

- Reduce fertility in later life

Question 9

Why Inadequate Body fat and Men and Women can cause infertility

Answer 9

Women
- Decreases the estrogen, LH, and FSH concentrations
- Amenorrhea, delay time to conception, anovulatory cycles, and short or absent of luteal phases
Men
- Sperm viability and motility decreased (10-15% weight decrease)
- Sperm population ceased ( >25% of normal weight loss)
- Lowered libido and sperm production

Question 10

Nutrients that associated with fertility

Answer 10

• Antioxidants
• Zinc
• Iron
• Soy isoflavones
• Caffeine
• Alcohol

Question 11

Roles of zinc in fertility

Answer 11

• Reduces oxidative stress
• Sperm maturation
• Testosterone synthesis

Question 12

Poor iron status in women cause ________

Answer 12

Lack of Ovulation

Question 13

3 types of contraceptives are

Answer 13

• Estrogen ( estradiol )
• Progestin ( natural progesterone)
• Progestogen ( synthetic progesterone)

Question 14

Side effects of using Progestin-only contraception

Answer 14

• Weight gain up to 4.5 kg within 5 years
• increase fat storage
• decrease bone mineral accretion in adolescent

Question 15

Side effects of using Testosterone contraception

Answer 15

• Suppressed LH and FSH secretion
• depriving signals for spermatogenesis
• Decrease Sperm productions

Question 16

3 services focus for risk assessment are

Answer 16

• Behaviours
• Presence of diseases
• Psychosocial needs

Question 17

4 Services of Preconception health care are

Answer 17

• Education about preconception health and pregnancy
• Screening for vaccine, weight, and iron and folate status
• Alcohol assessment
• Diabetes and celiac disease management

Question 18

Inadequate folate during pregnancy increase the risk of

Answer 18

• Neural tube defects (spina bifida)

- Small for gestational age

Question 19

_____ mcg of folate is recommended to improve folate status

Answer 19

400

Question 20

Inadequate iron prior to pregnancy cause

Answer 20

• Increase the risk of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy
• Infants will be born with low iron
• Increased rates of preterm delivery