4: Stress

Question 1

stress

Answer 1

an experience by person where resources cannot meet demands of the environment

Question 2

stress response

Answer 2

physiological, behavioural, emotional reactions to stress

Question 3

stressor

Answer 3

percieved demands person appraises as stressful

Question 4

CMRT

Answer 4

cognitive motivational relational theory: theory that 15 core emotions (pos/neg) can relational theme that describes relationship between person and environmental

Question 5

describe 5 sources of stress in sports

Answer 5

1. psychological: self doubt, self criticism, performance anxiety
2. physical: body, injuries, again
3. social: coach, teammateaes, ppl watching
4. environmental: weather, setting
5. career: job safety

Question 6

acute/chronic stressor

Answer 6

acute: short period of time ex) opponent scores
chronic: long period of time
ex) coach conflict, negative though patterns

Question 7

expected/unexpected stressor

Answer 7

unexpected more stressful bc unprepared, not anticipated

Question 8

describe the appraisal process

Answer 8

• key for identifying what’s stressful
• occurs rapidly together, can move back and forth
  primary: WHAT is stressful, “WHAT’S at stake”
  secondary: HOW can i change, “WHAT can be done”

Question 9

describe appraisal process- secondary appraisal

Answer 9

evaluation of situations

• harm/loss appraisal: psychological damage/loss already occured
• threat app: anticipating harm may occur
• challenge: will be hard, but i can overcome challenge

Question 10

competitive/non competitive stressors

Answer 10

• comp: before/during/immediately competition (results, injury, poor officiating)
• noncomp: still related to sport but not directly related to performance (team meetings, travelling, rehab, media)

Question 11

non competitive stressors

Answer 11

include environmental stressors (indiviual’s organization)

1. Intrinsic factors (training, competition load, travel injury)
2. Roles (team captain)
3. Career (income, fundings)
4. Relationships (support, leadership)
5. Organization/climate part

Question 12

emotions

Answer 12

response to event/quick, quick onsetm short duration, cognitive appraisal, distinct physiological patterns, subjective feelings)

Question 13

endocrine response

Answer 13

-emotion/stress characterized by cortisol/epinephrine
+positive emotions: greater cognitive activity in left prefrontal cortical areas in brain
-negative emotions: in right prefontal cortical areas in brain

Question 14

emotions and facial expressions

Answer 14

emotions linked to disinct facial expressions

• happiness: raised eyebrows, smiling, widening eyes
  anger: furrowed eyeborw, frowinging, lips pressed firmly

Question 15

physiologocal effects linked to anxiety

Answer 15

increased heart rate, respiratory rate, skin conductance

Question 16

difference in cardiovascular patterns of threat and challenge appraisal

Answer 16

both increased heart rate, stroke volume, global, cardiac output
difference in phenomena and cardiovascular levels
challenge: increase ventricular contraction, decrease in vascular resistance
threat: increase ventricular contraction, no decrease in vascular resistance -> high BP

Question 17

coping

Answer 17

dynamic process where indivual puts in cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage appraised stressors
-manage external and internal demands

Question 18

management skills

Answer 18

routine/autonomic process athletes in to prevent stress from happening in first place
ex) soccer player wearing shinguards bc angry when other people kick him becomes routine

Question 19

how are coping and management skills related

Answer 19

-stress management is dynamic (constantly changing), coping strategy could become routine -> management skill

Question 20

what does coping depend on

Answer 20

coping resources and perceived outcome

Question 21

micro analytic approach

Answer 21

organize/describe how athletes cope

Question 22

macro analytic approach

Answer 22

organize/categorize WHY athletes use particular coping strategies based on goals/functions of coping

Question 23

describe 3 macro-level distinction

Answer 23

-problem focused coping
efforts directed at changing transaction/stressor directly
ex) new equipment, new game plan
-emotion focused coping
efforts directed at changing emotional response without changing transaction
ex)convincing self no one cares what exercise their doing
-avoidance coping: athlete removes/disengages mentally/physically from situation
ex)quitting

Question 24

Coping Inventory for Competitive Sports

Answer 24

• for Francophone, Anglopphone
• integrate micro and macro

coping DIMENSIONS for coping strategies

• task: thought control, logical analysis, seeking support, mental imagery
• distracted: mental distraction/mental
• disengagement: venting, disengagement

Question 25

coping dimensions

Answer 25

-task orienteed: dealing w source of stress and thoughts/emotion problem focused + emotional focused ex) logical analysis, effort expenditure, thought control, mental imagery, seeking support -disengagement: disengagment during goal reaching ex) venting, withdrawal -distraction: distance/mental distraction

Question 26

adaptive vs maladaptive

Answer 26

adaptive: more positive outcomes, related to problem focused maladaptive: more negative outcomes, avoidance outcome

Question 27

emotion regulation

Answer 27

- indiviuals which emotions they have/express/when/how they experience - conscious/effortful and autonomic/unconsious

Question 28

emotion regulation strategies

Answer 28

1. Situational selection: actions to increase likelihood of being in situations that promote desired emotion ex) choose which seat 2. Situation modification: influence situation directly ex)apology for body checking 3. Attentional deployment: direct attention towards or away from situation ex) rumination, avoidance 4. Cognitive change: change emotional significance by changing how one thinks about event "I didn't make top 5, I can challenge someone else and get more watertime and improve." 5. Response modulation: physiological, behavioural, experiential to regulate emotions ex) hiding anger at ref for making call

Question 29

difference between coping and and outcome of coping

Answer 29

coping is putting in efforts to deal with stress, outcome is result of coping efforts

Question 30

perceived coping effectiveness

Answer 30

based on athletes perceived outcome if the coping reduced the unwanted stressor

Question 31

good news coping and bad news coping

Answer 31

good news: organized, flexible, contstructive attempts | bad news: rigid, disorganized, destructive

Question 32

achievement outcomes of task orienteed

Answer 32

task orienteed likely to attain better outcomes because more focused on goals and self improvement

Question 33

emotional outcomes

Answer 33

- task orienteed: positive emotional states | - avoidance: negatively related to negative states

Question 34

physical outcomes

Answer 34

improving coping skills and decrease risk of injury because anxiety contributes to mnuscle tension, change in information perception

Question 35

describe factors that affect coping

Answer 35

gender -no real proof but women might have to manage self presentation in beach bolleyball culture -culture strongly influences our values and what we find important -indiviual characteristics: age/development/experience, personality, cognitive appraisal -social/environment: coaching/teammates

Question 36

burnout

Answer 36

condition 3 characteristics: physical exhaustion, deevaulate sport, deevaulate achievements

Question 37

coping/emotion regulation interventions

Answer 37

- self compassion: desire to be moved by one's suffering, wants to reduce suffering - 3 characteristics: self kindness, mindfulness, common humanity

Question 38

strategies for improving coping

Answer 38

- expressive writing: part of therapeutal process- can look back and self reflect, give disclose (somewhere to release pain) - training logs/journal: what worked or what didnt work and why, allows you to anticipate for future stressors