4 - The vine

Question 1

The Vine

What is the name of the 2 species of grapevine

Answer 1

Vitus Vinifera

American Vines

Question 2

The Vine

What is Phylloxera?

Answer 2

A vine pest that attacks the vine roots

Question 3

The Vine

Which vine species is resistant to Phylloxera?

Answer 3

American vines

Question 4

The Vine

Where (for what purpose) are American Vines mostly used?

Answer 4

To produce rootstock that is resistant to Phylloxera. Vinus Vinifera is then grafted on.

Question 5

The Vine

What are three things a grape grower may consider when selecting a vine variety?

Answer 5

1) The flavours and colours they are looking for
2) Budding and ripening times
3) Resistance to disease

Question 6

The Vine

When growing or propagating new varieties, what 2 methods can the grower choose between?

Answer 6

1) Cutting
2) Layering

Question 7

The Vine

When propagating new vines, what is cutting?

Answer 7

A cutting is a section of vine shoot that is planted, and a new vine grows. These are generally generated in nurseries.

Question 8

The Vine

When propagating new vines, what is layering?

Answer 8

Layering is carried out in the vineyard. A cane is bent down, and a section is buried in the soil with the tip pointing upwards. Once this takes root, the cane from the old vine is cut.

Question 9

The Vine

What is the downside of layering as opposed to cutting?

Answer 9

If the original plant has Phylloxera, this will be carried to the new plant.

Question 10

The Vine

What is clonal selection?

Answer 10

Where vines with positive mutations (disease resistance, better fruit etc.) are used in further propogations (cutting, layering)

Question 11

The Vine

What is a varietal clone?

Answer 11

A mutation (positive or negative) in the original vine. Still genetically idnetical to the original but with observable variations.

Question 12

The Vine

What is a crossing?

Answer 12

When a new variety is created from two parents of the same species (e.g. both Vinus Vinifera). eg Cab Sav is from Cab Franc and Sav Blanc.

Question 13

The Vine

What is a Hybrid?

Answer 13

A vine whose parents come from 2 different vine species. Typically, one parent is American Vine

Question 14

The Vine

How does Phylloxera infect the vine?

Answer 14

During one phase, the pest lives underground and feeds on the root. The infection enters via the feeding wounds, and the vine becomes weak and dies.

Question 15

The Vine

How do American Vines resist Phylloxera?

Answer 15

They clog the louse’s mouth with a sticky sap.

They also form a protective layer behind the feeding wound, preventing infection

Question 16

The Vine

Where, other than America, are there vines that are resistant to Phylloxera?

Answer 16

Chile
Parts of Argentina
South Australia

Question 17

The Vine

How is rootstock used to assist disease resistance?

Answer 17

It is the root of one vine that grafts another vine. Particularly Vinus Vinifera on American Vines to provide resistance to Phylloxera.

It can also be used to provide better resistance to climates.

Question 18

The Vine

What is grafting?

Answer 18

The technique used to join a rootstock to a Vinus Vinifera vine.

Question 19

The Vine

What is bench grafting?

Answer 19

It is an automatic process where short sections of cane from the rootstock and the new variety are joined together by a machine and stored in a warm place for the 2 to fuse together.

Question 20

The Vine

What is head grafting?

Answer 20

Used to switch varieties. The existing vine is cut back to its trunk, and a bud is grafted to that trunk. It will bear the new fruit the following year and be commercially viable in 3 years if successful.

Question 21

The Vine

What are the 4 main sections of a vine.

Answer 21

1) The green parts of the vine
2) One-year-old wood
3) Permanent wood
4) The root

Question 22

The Vine

What are the Green parts of the Vine?

Answer 22

These parts grow new each year.

The principal structure is the shoot which has:
- leaves
- buds
- tendrills
- flowers
- berries

Question 23

The Vine

What is the primary role of leaves on the vine?

Answer 23

Photosynthesis.

Question 24

The Vine

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 24

The process by which the plant uses sunlight to convert water and CO2 into glucose and Oxygen

Question 25

# The Vine Why does a vine need **glucose**?

Answer 25

Glucose is a sugar that is used to support vine growth and make ripe grapes taste sweet.

Question 26

# The Vine Where do **buds** form on the shoot?

Answer 26

In the join between the leaf and the shoot. Described as embronic shoots.

Question 27

# The Vine What does each **bud** contain at the end of the growing season?

Answer 27

Once formed they mature inside their casing during the growing season. By the end of the year each bud contains (in minature) all the structures that will become the **shoot**, **leaves**, **flowers** and **tendrills** for the following year.

Question 28

# The Vine What are the vines **tendrills**?

Answer 28

Vines use tendrills to grip a supporting structure in order to stay upright. One a tendrill senses its touched a structure it will wind itself tightly around it in order to keep the shoot upright.

Question 29

# The Vine What are the **flowers** on a vine for?

Answer 29

Flowers are the vine's reproductive organs. A vine's flowers have male and female parts and are grouped in bunches called **inflorescences**. Each flower that is successfully pollinated becomes a **berry**. The inflourescences will become a bunch of grapes at the end of the season.

Question 30

# The Vine What is the **one year wood**?

Answer 30

Shoots turn woody during the winter after they have grown. The following spring, they become one year wood. The buds that formed on them the previous year burst and grow shoots.

Question 31

# The Vine Why is it important to manage **one year wood**?

Answer 31

Vines will normally only produce fruit on shoots that grow from buds that were formed the previous year.

Question 32

# The Vine How is the **one year wood** pruned and managed?

Answer 32

Every winter, the vine is pruned, and the one-year wood will either be called a **cane** or a **spur**, depending on how many buds it is left with.

Question 33

# The Vine What is the difference between a **cane** and a **spur**?

Answer 33

A **cane** is long with 8-20 buds on it. A **spur** is short with only 2-3 buds on it

Question 34

# The Vine What is **permanent wood** on a vine?

Answer 34

Wood that is more than one year old. Made up of the trunk and the arms of the vine.

Question 35

# The Vine What are the 3 functions of the **roots**?

Answer 35

1) To absorb water and nutrients from the soil. 2) To anchor the vine 3) Store carbohydrates to survive the winter