[4] Treatment

Question 1

What type of studies involves just one patient?

Answer 1

Case Reports

Question 2

What type of studies involves more than one patient?

Answer 2

Case Series

Question 3

What type of a study is a Cohort Study?

Answer 3

Observational Study

Question 4

What type of study is a Clinical Trial?

Answer 4

Experimental Study

Question 5

What type of study is a Randomized Control Trial?

Answer 5

Experimental Study

Question 6

What type of study is a Case Control Studies?

Answer 6

Observational Study

Question 7

What is the gold standard for scientific studies on treatment?

Answer 7

Randomized Control Trial

Question 8

Define: Inclusion Criteria

Answer 8

Must have disease of interest with specific characteristics

Question 9

Define: Exclusion Criteria

Answer 9

Having these will get you excluded from the study

Question 10

Define: Hawthorne Effect

Answer 10

Patients want their doctors to have good results so they behave better than they normally would

Question 11

What is a good method to overcome Sampling Biases?

Answer 11

Stratified Random Sampling

Question 12

Differentiate Efficacy Studies from Effectiveness Studies

Answer 12

Efficacy: Reports treatments under IDEAL conditions

Effectiveness: Reports treatments under IDEAL-WORLD conditions (Normal circumstances)

Question 13

Should subgroups be made before or after randomizing?

Answer 13

Before

Question 14

When can you perform Trial of N=1?

Answer 14

When disease has an unpredictable course and the treatment response is quick with no carry over effects

Question 15

Limitations of Randomized Trials

Answer 15

1. Patient Number
2. Expensive
3. Time-Consuming
4. Manpower

Question 16

Define: Historical Controls

Answer 16

Comparison to similar patients in the past

Question 17

Define: Concurrent Controls

Answer 17

Similar to historic controls but avoids the biases of historic controls

Question 18

Differentiate: Cohort and Case Control

Answer 18

Cohort: Follow up Patients

Case Control: Identify outcome of interest, the factors responsible for the outcome and only examine that one period

There is no follow up here

Question 19

Describe: Phase I of Treatment Studies in RCTs

Answer 19

Identify ideal dose-to-safety

Small number of patients

Question 20

Describe: Phase II of Treatment Studies in RCTs

Answer 20

Preliminary information of EFFICACY studies

Controlled Treatment

Few patients in treatment groups

Question 21

Describe: Phase III of Treatment Studies in RCTs

Answer 21

Randomized Control Trial

Provide evidence on efficacy and adverse events and side effects