Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

B1451 > 4: Type 2 Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes > Flashcards

4: Type 2 Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Diabetes is a state of chronic hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar) which may result from many environmental and genetic factors, often acting jointly’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 types of diabetes

A

Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Gestational diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common form of diabetes?

A

Type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the average age onset of type 2 diabetes?

A

60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why is there a defective insulin secretion for type 2?

A

due to beta cell dysfunction and impaired insulin action (insulin resistance). Insulin secretion and uptake is impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what percentage of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight?

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Treatment of type 2 diabetes

A

Healthy lifestyle (diet and pa)
Oral hypoglycaemic agents
Insulin Injections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What percentage of people with type 2 d are obese

A

80-90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What reduction of body weight confers several health benefits

A

5-10kg or 5-10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the health benefits of weight loss

A

Improved:
Insulin sensitivity and glycemic control

Blood pressure

Blood lipids

Quality of life

Long term prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When are oral hypoglycaemic used to treat type 2 diabetes?

A

after a trial period of dietary treatment and pa alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What drugs are used for oral hypoglycaemic drug treatment

A

sulfonulureas

Metformin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does sulfonulureas do?

A

stimulate secretion of insulin from pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does metformin do

A

decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis and hepatic glucose output

increased peripheral glucose uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Main symptoms of diabetes

A

increased thirst

needing toilet all the time

extreme tiredness

weight loss

infection

blurred vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

People at risk of developing type 2 diabetes

A

Family history of diabetes

overweight

high bp/
or past stroke/heart attack

women with polycystic ovary syndrome and overweight

impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glycaemic

women with gestational diabetes

severe mental health problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the diagnosis

A

Presence of symptoms and measurement of abnormal hyperglycaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what measurement of random Venus plasma glucose

A

> 11.1mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what measurement of plasma glucose

A

> 7.0mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What measurement of plasma glucose

A

> 11.1mmol/L 2 hrs after a 75g oral glucose load (oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is impaired glucose tolerance?

A

immediate category between normal glucose tolerance and overt diabetes. People with IGT have high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Annual progression rate 1-10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does HbA1c stand for

A

haemoglobin A1c test, glycosylated haemoglobin A1c test or A1c test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How often is HbA1c measured

A

Routinely every 3-6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is HbA1c

A

HbA1c is a lab test, which reveals average blood glucose over a period of 2 - 3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is HbA1c expressed as
% of how much haemoglobin has sugar attached to it
26
what is the non-diabetic and diabetic % range
4-6% (non) >6.5% (diabetes)
27
What does high blood sugar cause
damage to tissues throughout the body
28
what are the Microvascular complications of high bp
Retinopathy - Eyes Neuropathy - Nervous system Nephropathy – Kidneys
29
what are the Macrovascular complications of high bp
Cardiovascular disease
30
What is the cost of treatment of the complications of diabetes
increases overall spending for an affected patient more than five fold
31
What is the leading cause of death
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
32
What people are at more risk for Myocardial infarction
People with Type 2 diabetes without prior myocardial infarction (MI) have as high a risk for a new MI as non-diabetics who have already had an MI
33
What does improving blood sugar control do
reduce development and progression of microvascular complications
34
what effect does Improving blood glucose control
less of an effect on macrovascular complications
35
what does Controlling blood pressure do
has a favourable effect on both microvascular & macrovascular complications of diabetes
36
How to control cardiovascular risk factors
Stop smoking Increase physical activity Weight management
37
What are the symptoms of Metabolic syndrome
Central obesity Dyslipidemia (high trigs, low HDL-C) Hypertension Glucose intolerance
38
How many people worldwide have diabetes
537 million adults (20-79 years) are living with diabetes - 1 in 10. This number is predicted to rise to 643 million by 2030 and 783 million by 2045.
39
What are Most cases are T2D due to?
ageing population & increasing obesity
40
How many people with diabetes are diagnosed
1/2 (half)
41
Does rural or Urban areas have a higher number of people with diabetes (20–79 years)
urban
42
Causes of diabetes epidemic
Behavioural and lifestyle related risk factors play a major role: obesity, sedentary lifestyle, diet. “Westernisation, urbanisation, modernisation”
43
Type 2 diabetes - an alternative definition
a deficiency state, with the deficiency being that of physical activity
44
what can prevent/delay t2d
A Healthy lifestyle including physical activity and healthy eating
45
What is gestational diabetes?
Type of diabetes that arises during pregnancy Glucose tolerance return to normal state after baby is born One of the most common health problems during pregnancy ~5% pregnancies Symptoms are uncommon – therefore screening is required
46
what is the Diagnosis of gestational diabetes
All pregnant women with 1 or more risk factor will be offered screening ~8-12 week of pregnancy
47
What are the risk factors of GD
BMI>30 Previous macrosomic baby (10lbs) GD in previous pregnancy (30-50% risk of recurrence) Family history of diabetes Family origin are South Asian, Black Caribbean or Middle East If risk factors are present a blood test will be offered Glucose Tolerance Test may also be done + repeated at 24-28 weeks
48
What is the criteria measurement for GD for fasting venous plasma glucose
≥5.6mmol/l, or two hours after OGTT ≥7.8 mmol/l.
49
Treatment for GD
Blood glucose will be monitored Changes to diet and PA habits may be sufficient or medication may be required Unborn baby monitored carefully scan at 20, 28, 32, 36, 38 weeks Labour may be induced at 38 weeks If baby is large caesarean section will be offered
50
Potential risks of untreated GD for mother
Macrosomia can lead to: pre-term labour C section Birth trauma High blood pressure Higher risk of progression to Type 2 diabetes (15 - 50%)
51
Potential risks of untreated GD for baby
Stillborn Birth defects Respiratory distress Hypoglycaemia Jaundice Low calcium and magnesium levels Higher risk of developing obesity and Type 2 diabetes in early adulthood
52
What are normal responses to exercise
Insulin levels decline Levels of glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine & norepinephrine increase Increases plasma glucose & balances the glucose lowering effect caused by increased muscle glucose utilisation Little change in blood glucose (BG) (mild-moderate exercise). Strenuous short term exercise BG may increase Prolonged exercise (>90min) BG may decrease. However hypoglycaemia rarely occurs.
53
Type 2 diabetes response to exercise
Reduced hepatic glucose production Muscle glucose utilisation increases normally Decrease in blood glucose Hypoglycaemia in response to exercise is less of a problem. Risk only applies to people treated with insulin or sulfonylurea therapy.
54
T2D: Benefits of regular PA
improves patient glycaemic control
55
Why promote physical activity?
It improves cardiovascular risk factors It improves psychological wellbeing and quality of life
56
What cvd risks are improved with PA
Body composition, Blood pressure Improvements in lipids Improve strength & cardiorespiratory fitness
57
Diabetes specific recommendations
Daily exercise or at least not allowing more than 2 days to elapse between exercise sessions is recommended to enhance insulin action Combined aerobic and resistance exercise optimises health benefit Minimise sedentary time and interrupt sitting every 30 minutes with bouts of light activity Flexibility and balance activity are important for older adults, particularly if they have peripheral neuropathy Increasing daily movement, even in brief (3-15 mins) is effective in reducing postprandial hyperglycaemia
58
Risks of exercise for people with diabetes
Hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose) Worsening of complications Provocation of angina/silent myocardial ischaemia - Mostly Type 2
59
what is Hypoglycaemia?
Level of glucose in blood falls to low (<4mmol/L)
60
what are Hypoglycaemia symptoms?
sweating, racing heart, shaking, tingle in lips, pale, confused Symptoms can be difficult to recognise during exercise. Can be confused with normal exercise response
61
What exercise/ activity causes increased risk of hypoglycaemia
harder and longer activity Unfamiliar activities Fear of hypoglycaemia may cause people to deliberately run a high blood glucose or to avoid exercise
62
treatment of Hypoglycaemia
Stop exercising Take some fast acting carbohydrate (sugary drink, glucose tablet) Follow with a starchy snack (sandwich)
63
prevention of Hypoglycaemia
Blood glucose levels should be monitored to determine level of control: Before exercise During exercise (if exercise is longer than 1 hour) After exercise
64
Prevention of hypoglycaemia - Insulin dose
If exercise can be anticipated adjustments can be made to dose of insulin to allow for blood glucose lowering effects of exercise Adjustments should be made in relations to type, duration and timing of activity Often a case of “trial & error” at the beginning Avoid exercise when insulin levels are at a peak If patients are unable to alter insulin dose - take extra carbohydrate to compensate for blood glucose lowering effects of exercise
65
Insulin injection sites
The most common injection site is the abdomen (or stomach). The back of the upper arms, the upper buttocks or hips, and the outer side of the thighs are also used
66
What tissue should insulin be injected into?
subcutaneous tissue
67
Why should insulin be injected into subcutaneous tissue?
Insulin is absorbed fastest
68
Prevention of hypoglycaemia - Insulin injection
Care should be taken to inject insulin subcutaneously, avoiding intramuscular injections Injecting into a site which will be active during exercise can increase the risk of hypoglycaemia Increased risk is due to increased blood flow & temperature which can increase absorption of insulin Encourage patients to avoid injecting into active site. i.e. if cycling do not inject in leg Stomach is generally good site if patient is going to be exercising
69
Delayed Hypoglycaemia
Hypoglycaemia can occur up to 72 hours after exercise Replenish energy stores Increased insulin sensitivity Encourage patients to check blood glucose a couple of times after strenuous or long duration exercise Encouraging a bedtime snack is a good idea if exercise is performed later in day
70
Motivations to PA
Benefits of exercise and complications linked with diabetes Positive family support Emphasis by health care staff
71
Barriers to PA
Lack of time Physical restriction Obligations to others Lack of knowledge of benefits Lack of perception of obesity as a health issue, Inadequate emphasis by health care staff, Lack of adherence to guidelines, by physicians.

B1451 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions