Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Patho 1 > 4 - Voluntary and Involuntary Movement > Flashcards

4 - Voluntary and Involuntary Movement Flashcards

(70 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

How does your brain synthesize the movements for walking?

A

It doesn’t. Your spinal cord does.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

After entering the cord, every sensory signal travels to two separate destinations:

A

One branch terminates in the gray matter and is responsible for reflexes

Another branch travels up the afferent tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which two types of neurons make up the gray matter of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior Motor Neurons

Interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two types of anterior motor neurons?

A

Alpha motor neurons

Gamma motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of aplpha motor neurons?

A

Excite skeletal muscle groups (motor units)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of gamma motor neurons?

A

transmit signals to tiny type A gamma fibers that send signals to intrafusal fibers which make up the middle part of the muscle spindle

These are responsible for maintaining muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Within each anterior horn, which is more numerous: alpha motor neurons or interneurons?

A

Interneurons, by a lot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are interneurons found?

A

All gray matter in the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of interneurons?

A

Most of the signals transmitted to the gray matter pass through interneurons first and are essentially interpreted

interneurons process information and form synapses with eachother and motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are Renshaw Cells?

A

Inhibitory cells between the motor neurons that provide lateral inhibition (increasing specificity of motor actions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are propriospinal fibers?

A

run from one segment of the cord to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Muscles and tendons are supplied with two types of sensory receptors:

A

muscles spindles (send information about length and rate of length change)

AND

Golgi tendon organs (transmit information about tendon tension and rate of tension change)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The receptor portion of the muscle spindle is its:

A

central portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Compare dynamic and static reflex stretch

A

Dynamic reflex stretch only last a fraction of a second

the static stretch for a much longer period of time to ensure the muscle stretch remains relatively constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The stretch reflex prevents ______ of body movements

A

oscillation and jerkiness

has a damping effect that smooths skeletal muscle movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does clonus indicate?

A

The degree of facilitation of the spinal cord’s reflex system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The golgi tendon organ helps control:

A

muscle tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The golgi tendon organ detects _______

The muscle spindle detects _________

A

muscle tension

muscle length, and changes in muscle length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens when a tendon organ is triggered?

A

Transmitted to the cord

In the cord, a single interneuron inhibits that muscle (and no other muscle)

Continues on to the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the flexor reflex?

A

almost any type of cutaneous sensory stimulus from a limb is likely to cause the flexor muscles of the limb to contract, thereby withdrawing the limb from the stimulating object

the many patterns of these reflexes in the different areas of the body are called withdrawal reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a crossed extensor reflex?

A

About 0.2 to 0.5 second after a stimulus elicits a flexor reflex in one limb, the opposite limb begins to extend

can push the entire body away from the object that is causing the painful stimulus in the withdrawn limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the positive support reaction?

A

Pressure on the footpad causes the limb to extend against that pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the magnet reaction?

A

Pressure on a specific area of the foot causes extension toward that area

keeps us from falling side to side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What usually causes a local muscle spasm?

A

Local pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
More than half of the primary motor cortex is responsible for controlling ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
muscles of the hands muscles of speech
26
excitation of a single motor cortex neuron usually:
causes a specific movement rather than a contraction of a specific muscle (smile rather than orbicularis twitch)
27
What is the purpose of the premotor cortex?
generates highly complex patterns of movement, way more complicated than the discrete patterns of the primary cortex generates a motor image, and then deciphers which movements are needed from the primary cortex and stimulates those areas
28
When you learn woodworking by watching youtube, what neurons are you using?
Mirror neurons!
29
What is the function of the supplementary motor area?
Provides bilateral movements rather than unilateral Works with the premotor cortex to coordinate whole body positioning to support the fine motor movements needed from the primary cortex
30
Someone whose Broca's Area is inhibited cannot:
form coherent words, other than an occasional yes or no
31
What is motor apraxia?
When hand movements become disorganized and uncoordinated caused by tumors/damage in the premotor area responsible for hand movement
32
What is another name for the corticospianl tract?
Pyramidal Tract
33
Most of the pyramidal fibers cross over in the medulla and into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A pass ipsilaterally down the spine via the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
the lateral corticospinal tract ventral corticospinal tract
34
Most of the fibers from the ventral corticospinal tract cross over at:
the neck or upper thorax
35
The largest, fastest fibers in the pyramidal tract arise from:
giant pyramidal cells called Betz cells
36
97% of the fibers in the pyramidal tract are _____ and conduct \_\_\_\_\_\_
tiny background tonic signals to motor areas of the cord
37
What is the red nucleus?
area in the mesencephalon that serves as an alternative path to transmit cortical signals to the spinal cord
38
Dynamic pyramidal neurons \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Static pyramidal neurons \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
are excited for a high rate for a short amount of time, causing the initial rapid action are excited at a low level for a longer amount of time. They maintain the action for as long as it's needed
39
Neurons of the red nucleus are primarily \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ whereas neurons of the primary motor cortex are primarily:
dynamic static This is probably because the red nucleus sits right next to the cerebellum, which is responsible for rapid movement
40
How does the brain activate walking, withdrawal, and scratching actions?
By sending a single command signal to the spinal cord, which then sends out signals to all of the muscles involved
41
If the area pyramidalis is removed, what happens?
All the betz cell fibers are severed You will maintain voluntary movement, but will lose voluntary fine motor control of the hands
42
Why does facial droop and limb flaccidity occur with stroke?
Loss of the constant tonic stimulation from the cortex
43
The brain stem consists of:
Medulla Pons Mesencephalon
44
The pontine reticular nuclei \_\_\_\_ The medullary reticular nuclei \_\_\_\_\_
excites antigravity muscles inhibits antigravity muscles The two nuclei are antagonistic of each other's actions
45
What are the antigravity support muscles?
vertebral column extensor muscles of the limbs
46
Which two nuclei are responsible for supporting the body against gravity?
Reticular Nuclei Vestibular Nuclei
47
What is the specific role of the vestibular nuclei?
selectively controls the excitatory signals to the different antigravity muscles to maintain equilibrium in response to signals from the vestibular apparatus
48
If you cut the brainstem so that the reticular and vestibular nuclei are severed from the brain, what happens?
Spastic Rigidity Without signals from the brain, the medullary reticular nuclei is incapable of moderating extension of antigravity muscle groups and they become rigid
49
50
\_\_\_\_\_ is often called the silent area of the brain
cerebellum
51
What is the cerebellum's role in motor movement?
compares actual movements depicted by peripheral sensory feedback information with intended movements Allows for smooth, coordinated movements and helps the brain "plan ahead" in complicated sequential movements
52
Which part of the cerebellum controls equilibrium?
Flocculonodular lobe works with the vestibular system
53
What causes action or intended tremors?
The limbs have momentum, and if the cerebellum isn't functioning adequately, its damping function doesn't account for/correct overshoot
54
Two of the most important symptoms of cerebellar dysfunction are ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
dysmetria ataxia
55
What is dysmetria?
uncoordinated movements that result in ataxia
56
What is past pointing?
in the absence of the cerebellum, a person ordinarily moves the hand or some other moving part of the body considerably beyond the point of intention. results from the fact that normally the cerebellum initiates most of the motor signal that turns off a movement after it is begun if the cerebellum is not available to initiate this motor signal, the movement ordinarily goes beyond the intended mark.
57
Dysdiadochokinesia
inability to perform rapid alternating movements
58
Where are the basal ganglia located?
lateral to and surrounding the thalamus
59
What tasks are effected in the basal ganglia are damaged?
Any complex motor activities: Writing, cutting with scissors Many, many subconscious tasks
60
What ist he function of the basal ganglia?
Changes the timing and scales the intensity of movements
61
Name two diseases caused by dysfunction in the basal ganglia
Huntington's Parkinson's
62
Wernicke's Area involves:
Language Comprehension
63
Which area is needed for reading?
Angular Gyrus
64
What causes habituation?
progressive closure of calcium channels in presynaptic neurons, although no one is completely sure why
65
How does facilitation occur?
Serotonin is released from the sensory terminal activates cAMP cAMP blocks K conductance, prolonging firing prolonged AP causes prolonged opening of presynaptic Ca channels, facilitating the release of more stimulant
66
Long term memory is caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Short term memory is caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
structural changes chemical changes
67
What structural changes cause long term memory?
1. An increase in vesicle release sites for secretion of transmitter substance 2. An increase in the number of transmitter vesicles released 3. An increase in the number of presynaptic terminals 4. Changes in structures of the dendritic spines that permit transmission of stronger signals
68
For short-term memory to be converted into long-term memory that can be recalled weeks or years later, it must become \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
consolidated Anything that prevents consolidation is amnestic
69
What is anterograde amnesia? Retrograde?
inability to create new long term memories inability to recall long term memories made previously
70

Patho 1 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions