4 - Zill - Vertebral Column

Question 1

Back/spine problems are what most common cause of disability?

Answer 1

Second

Question 2

Sagital Plane

Answer 2

Divides body in Left and Right halves

Question 3

Coronal Plane

Answer 3

Divides body in Front and Back

“reaching for your corona”

Question 4

Horizontal Plane

Answer 4

Transverse Plane

Divides body in Top and Bottom, perpendicular to long axis of body

Question 5

Transverse and Spinous Processes

Answer 5

Projections form Arch for muscle and ligament attachments

Question 6

Pedicle

Answer 6

Project from the body

Question 7

Laminae

Answer 7

Unite to form posterior arch

Question 8

Vertebral Arch

Answer 8

Surrounds vertebral canal, spinal cord

Consists of:

Pedicles

Laminae

Question 9

Vertebrae Body

Answer 9

Anterior

Solid, transmits weight

Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

Intervertebral Foramina

Answer 11

Spinal neves leave vertebral canal

Question 12

Superior and Inferior Articular Processes (Facets)

Answer 12

Junction between pedicles and laminae

Forms joints between adjacent vertebrae

Orientation determine types of movement that occur between vertebrae

ALLOW AND RESTRICT MOVEMENT

Question 13

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral

Coccygeal

Answer 13

Cervical - 7

Thoracic - 12

Lumbar - 5

Sacral - 5 fused

Coccygeal - 3-5

Question 14

Foramen Transversarium

Answer 14

Hole in C1-C7 for vertebral artery and veins

Question 15

If you see holes to the left and right of the body, what type of vertebrae must it be?

Answer 15

Cervical

Question 16

Attachment for Ligamentum Nuchae

Answer 16

Bifid

Question 17

Cervical Articular Facets

Answer 17

Allow most movement

Angled superiorly and medially

Question 18

C1 (Atlas)

Answer 18

No Body

“Yes” Movement - C1-Occipital connection

Flexion-Extension

Question 19

What permits Flexion-Extension movement in C1?

Answer 19

Superior Articular Facets

Question 20

C2 (Axis)

Answer 20

Peg like Odontoid Dens

Pivot Joint = allowing “No” movement

Question 21

What allows “no” rotation in the cervical spine?

Answer 21

C1-C2 pivot joint

Question 22

C7 (Vertebra Prominens)

Answer 22

Small Foramina Tranversaria - only veins

Spinous Process - long, not bifid

Palpable

Question 23

Spinous Process (C7)

Answer 23

Palpable, can be palpated externally to tell vertebral level

Question 24

Costal Facets

Answer 24

Thoracic

Body (rib head) and Transverse Process (Tubercle)

Attachment of ribs

Question 25

Articular Processes in Thoracic Vertebra

Answer 25

Coronal plane ## Footnote **No flexion of heart and lungs**

Question 26

Lumbar Articular Processes

Answer 26

Sagittal plane Can bend over, not twist

Question 27

Sacrum has fused:

Answer 27

Tranverse Processes, Spinous Processes

Question 28

What allows for transmission of weight from vertebrae to pelvis

Answer 28

Sacro-Illiac Joint

Question 29

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

Answer 29

Front of vertebrae Strong bands = strength

Question 30

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Answer 30

Weaker, more narrow Posterior of spinal canal--not body

Question 31

Ligamenta Flava

Answer 31

Yellow elastic bands, allow movement Epidural

Question 32

Intraspinous and Supraspinous Ligaments

Answer 32

Interspinous - interior Supra - Exterior

Question 33

Where are spinous ligaments greatly thikened?

Answer 33

Cervical regous to form **ligamentum nuchae** ## Footnote **Support head, provide muscle attachment**

Question 34

Joints Between Vertebrae

Answer 34

Joints between **articular processes (facets)** ## Footnote **Synovial Plane joints that permit sliding movements** **Ommobilized in Facet Fusion surgery**

Question 35

Nucleus Pulposus

Answer 35

Inner gelatinous core of interverbral discs

Question 36

Anulus Fibrosus

Answer 36

Outer, stiff region of interverbral discs

Question 37

Where is the weak spot in anulus fribrosus? What occurs here often?

Answer 37

Posterior region ## Footnote **_Postero-lateral_ herniations**

Question 38

Extension Flexion Lateral Flexion

Answer 38

Extension = Bend posterior (back) Flexion = Bend anterior (front) Lateral Flexion = Bend lateral (side)

Question 39

Articular Facet Movement Restrictions: Cervical Thoracic Lumbar

Answer 39

Cervical - **Superiorly and Medially (angled) -** most movement Thoracic - **Coronal** - rotation Lumbar - **Sagittal** - flex/exten

Question 40

Primary Curvature

Answer 40

Concave only

Question 41

Where is the primary curvature in adults? Where do secondary curvatures form?

Answer 41

Primary: Thorax Secondary: Cervical / Lumbar

Question 42

How does the spine curve laterally?

Answer 42

**Opposite handedness** **R ( L**

Question 43

Kyphosis

Answer 43

Hump back Exaggerated anterior concave curvature **Thorax of elderly**

Question 44

Scoliosis

Answer 44

Abnormal **lateral** curvature

Question 45

What can cause scoliosis?

Answer 45

Hemivertebra one half of a vertebra fails to develop, causes spacing issue

Question 46

Lordosis

Answer 46

Exaggerated lumbar curvature, posterior concave shifts center of mass anteriorly Normal: Pregnancy Abnormal: Obesity