40's - 70's Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
Which children’s tv icon was the marketing spokesperson for capital records?
A
Bozo the clown
2
Q
T/F Most scholars now accept that children are active consumers instead of passive viewers.
A
TRUE
3
Q
T/F Early children’s TV programs really sought to educate children rather than entertain them?
A
FALSE
4
Q
Which TV show was the first to integrate “breaking the fourth wall” with the television audience by often asking questions?
A
Ding Dong School
5
Q
Which show promoted mostly citizenship and “proper” behavior? “do bee” and “don’t bee”?
A
Romper Room
6
Q
Host selling was illegal on television between the years of 1948 - 1958
A
FALSE
7
Q
An ad selling motorola TV sets in the 1950s suggested that TV could do what?
A
Make children better behaved, make families closer, and make children interested in their homework.
8
Q
Which of the following “children’s programs” had a stronger adult following than children’s following due to its impromptu nature?
A
Kukla, Fran and Ollie
9
Q
T/F Saturday morning was a popular time to air children’s television programs from the very beginning of American tv programming?
A
FALSE
10
Q
T/F Although Johnny Quest did contain some animated violence, it never showed characters getting killed.
A
FALSE
11
Q
The sesame Workshop was once known as
A
The Children’s Television Workshop
12
Q
Which is the most closely related to social-emotional learning?
A
Learning how to manage stress
13
Q
The Electric Company was meant to cover the exact same material as sesame street only it targeted the pre-teen/tween audience? T/F?
A
FALSE
14
Q
T/F Before it was shown as a kids show in second run syndication, the monkees was edited to remove its drug culture and war references?
A
FALSE
15
Q
What show had winston cigarettes as its commercial sponsor?
A
The Flintstones
16
Q
Kami, an HIV positive muppet appears on which country’s sesame street?
A
South Africa
17
Q
T/F Neuroscience has disproven a connection between social-emotional learning and cognitive learning?
A
FALSE
18
Q
Which of the following aired on non-commercial television?
A
Sesame Street, the electric company, and mister rogers
19
Q
What superhero was frequently featured on the electric company?
A
Spiderman
20
Q
The After School Special
A
a great time slot for kids because of the latch key generation. Mom’s were going back to work (rise of the feminist movement).
• Showcased adult programs in second run syndication (gilligan’s Island, the Brandy Bunch)
• Dealt with topics you wouldn’t think of as for kids (suicide, drug use, peer pressure, sex, divorce).
• The 70’s were a hard time to grow up in, wanted to teach kids that life is worth living.
21
Q
Bozo the clown
A
o Marketing icon for children’s records at capital records –> becomes TV host.
o First television appearance Los Angeles KTTV-1949.
o 1956 franchise created.
o Chicago’s WGN created most memorable due to cable infiltration in 70s.
Bozo was created to be sold. Your county could purchase the rights to use Bozo the Clown but, he didn’t have to be the same Bozo.
The kids used as props; no active role.
22
Q
Bugs Bunny
A
Bugs Bunny and other like Looney Tunes and Merry Melodies properties start airing in compilation programs on Saturday and Sunday mornings.
23
Q
Captain Kangaroo
A
o 1955 to 1984 on CBS
o Early morning weekday program
o Grandparent concept (always fun, not that many rules)
o Longest running commercial network children’s program ever (ABC, NBC, CBS)
o By the time the show ended “Bob” Keeshan was having to make himself look younger.
The idea was as long as it’s not offensive and it fills time it’ll be fine.
Later the segments went by faster (like sesame street).
24
Q
Ding Dong School
A
o Began as local show in Chicago, went national on NBC from 52-56.
o Called “Nursery School of the Air.”
o 30 minutes every weekday morning
o Miss Francis was the host.
Starting to see movement in the camera.
How Ms. Francis breaks the 4th wall an actual attempt at 2-way communication.
• Treats the camera as the viewer.
• The only person on camera; had running commentary (describing everything going on).
Child will mimic her behavior (washing hands before preparing food).
25
Disneyland
Episodes came from different places of the park.
o Yes, The TV Show
o Meant to market the park
o Biggest hit, from “Frontierland,” “Davy Crockett: King of the Wild Frontier”
o Proof of Status Conferral Function
o Different incarnations of the show with different titles came and went.
o “Disneyland the place” featured on Disneyland the show.
In Frontier Land the story of Davey Crockett unfolds (you watch it on TV and you can visit the actual land when the park opens).
Nighttime show that gave way to other shows like “The Wonderful World of Disney”
Davey Crockett wore a coonskin cap and so did his family which sparked a marketing ploy. Status Conferral (I saw it on TV I need to get it in order to look cool).
Every kid had to buy a coonskin cap and you can still buy them at Disneyland today.
Social utility: Finding commonality; kids want to fit in and feel accepted and wear what everyone else has (Modern example being Pokémon Go).
26
the electric company
did not have the same goals as sesame street.
o CTW project/aired on PBS in 70s.
o Reading, reading, reading!
o NOT Sesame Street, for 6-7 year olds through pre-teens.
o Featuring Morgan Freeman, Rita Moreno (Oscar winner at this time), Bill Cosby, Spiderman etc.
o Had a 70s music and counter-culture feel to it.
Was created by the government to address a literacy problem.
Specifically designed to teach reading and writing.
Spiderman featured on the show. Comic books are accessible if you know how to read makes kids want to learn how to read.
27
fat albert and the cosby kids
CBS Saturday Mornings (original broadcast-off/on) 1972-84
First ever black cast in an animated show.
o First Run Syndication after
CBS brags (NBC moans “Children do not want to be taught things”)
o Bill Cosby (co-creator)
o Social-Emotional Learning
Not like how Fred Rogers was doing it, rather siblings rivalry, lying, cheating. Feelings associated with why you shouldn’t do something.
o Music used heavily: the lesson of the show was the song of the day.
Bill Cosby uses for Ed.D. dissertation (a doctorate of education on the effects of fat albert).
28
The Flintstones
Hanna-Barbera creators of the Flintstones 1960-1966
(aired in primetime)
• Always done from an animated standpoint; even in it’s original black and white format it had gradients.
• Host selling within an animated show (Winston cigarettes).
• Not intended to be a children’s program.
• Shows like the Simpsons and family guy owe a lot to the Flintstones; animation that paved the way to solidify that animation wasn’t just for kids.
29
Howdy Doody Show
Developed by NBC
o First aired on NBC December of 1947 and on the air until 1960.
o Featured Buffalo Bob Smith, a puppet named Howdy Doody, a clown named Clarabell* and a “peanut gallery (rowdy seats; the kids)” of 40 children - HUGE wait list (among other characters).
o NBC’s first daily show to be shown five days a week NOT Saturday mornings.
o Became an international hit with many countries launching their own versions of the show.
Children’s TV aired concentrated during the weekdays because theatre going culture is still very strong.
Saturday mornings still owned by movie theatres.
Corporate sponsors that were THE sponsor of your show. The host would sell the product during the show HOST SELLING (illegal now on children’s TV).
When mom doesn’t buy the Twinkies there’s an eternal conflict “buffalo bob told me I could have a twinkie in my lunch.”
Manipulating children to manipulate their parents.
Early children’s TV is about the entertainment factor. But just because it’s not trying to teach you something—doesn’t mean it isn’t teaching you something.
* Native American stereotype in Howdy Doody
* Set up the NA as the comic foil by a guy who looks like general custard.
* Negative depiction of NA for kids.
Children view TV from an active place.
Use the world as they understand it to process that material
30
The jetsons
Hanna-Barbera (Primetime Animated Sitcom)
Majority of episodes about George at work; not centered around the kids.
It was about martial stuff and work stuff.
31
Jonny Quest
Hanna-barbera (Primetime Animated Action-Adventure)
1964-1965
• Action adventure animated show in prime time.
• Turned to comic book illustrators to make realistic figures that moved
• Didn’t shy away from the violence.
• Repackaged as a child show even though it was for adults.
• Racial stereotypes: all the bad guys were POC and the good guys were white.
Hadji has mystic Indian powers? Made to seem exotic.
Animation could not get away from host selling.
TV in the 60’s: film was not worried about competing with television because they could show content TV couldn’t air.
TV had to fill time so they would syndicate animated TV shows—without the cigarette ads. But the content stayed the same (the flintstones).
32
Kukla, Fran and Ollie
the 1940’s and 50’s
Kukla, fran and Ollie
* 1947 TV hits hard after the war (earliest shows starting off LOCAL)
* NBC wants this content so it went national (NBC 1949)
* Intended for children however, 60% of its audience were adults.
* Dialogue was improvised.
* Puppets (multiple) with one live, real adult (Fran).
* Show dealt with adult topics.
* Went off air in 1957, with occasional cameos after.
* Just because it has puppets doesn’t mean it will translate for kids
LEMONADE Episode
No camera language; puppet show in the frame.
Audio men laughing in the audience (funny for adults, not necessarily kids).
33
The Mickey Mouse Club
Aired everyday during the weekday.
o 1955 to 1959 ABC
o Then moved to syndication
o First to contain kids as major part of production
o Live action children with occasional serials and animated Disney shorts.
o Each day had a theme
o Breakout stars (Anette Funicello)
Take kids and put them into an adult environment and managed by adults. Surrounded by people who are much older than they are—messes with child psyche
34
Mister Rogers' Neighborhood
* PBS was to provide children’s educational programming.
* Teamed up with Fred Rogers and his approach to children’s TV
* PBS takes over national educational TV and enters into an agreement with Canadian TV to obtain Fred Rogers independent TV show.
* Fred rogers wanted to change TV doesn’t like people being degraded. Wants to uplift people.
Used social emotional learning in his kids show.
Children’s TV up until this point was either entertainment or trying to be educational (ding dong school).
Fred Rogers introduced edutainment: entertaining educating.
He breaks the 4th wall and talks about constructive ways of feeling sad/dealing with emotions.
• The basis for academic learning skills.
• Without the basic foundation of social emotional learning children cannot progress into learning other things.
• Social emotional learning changes the brain. In the earliest years of the brain forming children become less violent, more understanding and can critically analyze information by putting their emotions aside.
35
The Monkees
live action goof-ball show (repackaged).
There was no concern with actual content concerning the monkees.
• VERY strong anti-war message.
• Frequent drug culture references
• Show created to mimic the Beatles
• Originally aired in primetime for young adults and was repackaged as a kids show.
• Not a single episode was edited for content; nobody looked into the content of the show.
36
Romper Room
o First aired 1953
o Syndicated
o Many local versions – same or similar scripts
o Some local shows brought attention to ethical marketing issues.*
o Pledge of Allegiance and prayer.
o Magic mirror
Always a female host because when you envisioned a teacher it was a woman.
Gendered career.
37
Sesame Street
The Children’s Television Workshop
(today known as “The Sesame Workshop”)
Came together to develop an educational show for preschoolers
• This concept changes children’s TV forever
• Their goal was to provide the same education to kids that don’t come from a higher socio economic status.
• Let’s create a program aimed at inner-city kids with a lower socio economic backgrounds.
• Prior children’s TV existed in a fantasy room or a magical realm. Sesame took place on an inner city street that was familiar to urban children.
• Kids saw people like them represented.
What ended up happening:
Yes, the inner city kids did better in school but the gap still existed.
• Everyone watched sesame street. EVERY kid got additional prep.
Humanoid puppets on sesame street got scrapped because Jim Henson didn’t want to misrepresent or exclude anyone.
The idea of quick sketches don’t give you time to get bored; reinforced the days lesson in every segment.
* Integrated adults as pleasant interactions.
* Included mnemonic devises to help children remember things.
38
School House Rock
bits that played between shows, added educational elements. Entertaining in themselves.
• Using music as a mnemonic device to remember something.
39
Scooby Doo, Where Are You?
Hanna-Barbera
o Counter-culture feel “I would have gotten away with it too! If it weren’t for those meddling kids and their dog”
Taking down “the man”, shaggy had a case of the munchies, flower power van.
o “Kids” in charge
o International following
o Many incarnations later it's a huge part of pop culture
o Music played a role
No real diversity; but represented a variety of socio-economic society (stoner, rich girl).
Episodes carried subtle messages over time people don’t fight it and find realization.
40
Hanna-Barbera shows
Animated Action Syndication/Saturday Mornings cartoons
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Yogi Bear
Huckleberry Hound
Quick Draw McGraw
Wally Gator
Top Cat
Magilla Gorilla
Secret Squirrel
Atom Ant
Space Ghost
Birdman
The Fantastic Four
The Herculoids
Samson and Goliath
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41
Sid and Marty krofft
Owned live action children’s TV
Specialized in life sized puppetry and characters in costume.
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The Banana Splits (68)
H.R. Pufnstuf (69)
The Bugaloos (70)
Lidsville (71)
Sigmund and the Sea Monsters (73)
Land of the Lost (74)
The Lost Saucer (75)
Electra Woman and Dyna Girl (76)
Wonderbug (76)
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42
When were cigarette ads banned from TV?
Using the “Fairness Doctrine” as reasoning, the FCC votes in 1970 to ban cigarette commercials on television.
43
Academic Learning
memorization
44
active viewing
Children view TV from an active place.
• Use the world as they understand it to process that material.
1. Concept that children are active consumers and not passive viewers (page 7)
45
cognitive learning
to observe; breaking down and analyzing the material you see
46
commercial broadcasting
is the broadcasting of television programs and radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to state sponsorship.
47
cultural imperialism
Theory states that Western nations dominate the media around the world which in return has a powerful effect on Third World Cultures by imposing n them Western views and therefore destroying their native cultures.
which invades local cultures and lifestyles, deepens the insecurities of indigenous identities, and contributes to the erosion of national cultures and historical traditions.
48
Cultivation theory
how media contributes to the construction of gender identities, sexuality, and body image as well as socialization to sex-roles.
49
Differences between tv and school
dominance of the verbal in the school culture and dominance of the visual and non-linear in the screen culture.
most schools seek to teach the specific skills, knowledge, and values delineated in formal curricula. most schools seek to teach the specific skills, knowledge, and values delineated in formal curricula.
dominance of the verbal in the school culture and dominance of the visual and non-linear in the screen culture.
the two systems emphasize different forms of expression requires that children apply different cognitive skills in their engagement
50
edutainment and infotainment
Fred Rogers introduced edutainment: entertaining educating.
Infotainment: news and entertainment combined. cultural experience plays an important role in young viewers’ socialization as they mature and develop their own particular perspective on reality.
51
high concept-oriented families
used television more as a source of keeping up-to-date with the news and much less for entertainment purposes. They were lighter television viewers, used it less for social purposes, and their parents were more involved in regulating their viewing behaviors.
In many parts of the world, viewing TV is a social activity. One TV where the village gathers. Here we view media independently.
a high concept orientation encourage an atmosphere of open communication, free expression of ideas and conceptual debates (I need to voice and debate my opinion even if you disagree with me).
1. Children in these families are exposed to different sides and perspectives on controversial issues
2. their parents encourage them to voice their opinions and to argue about them.
The central emphasis in such families is on ideas, rather than on feelings.
52
High social oriented families
socially oriented families viewed television more, but were lighter consumers of news and current affairs programs.
high social orientation are characterized by (harmony is the greatest gift to give each other; to get along respectfully)
1. encouraging their children to get along with other family members
2. to withhold as much as possible from engaging in confrontations
3. to depress anger
4. and to stay “out of trouble.”
preserving peace and quiet at home and avoiding hurting others’ feelings are central values
53
Mcdonalization
1. cultural imperialism
54
Mean world syndrome
hypothesis arguing that what viewers learn from media violence is fear, threat, distrustfulness, and a strong sense of vulnerability.
55
Parental mediation Levels
on parental mediation of television viewing suggests that parents’ involvement in their children’s viewing may operate on at least three levels.
1. Awareness and co-viewing: relates to the degree to which parents are around during viewing, are familiar with program contents, offer their children role models of viewing habits, and even view with them.
2. Supervision, also termed restrictive mediation: relates to the degree to which parents supervise and restrict the viewing times, contents, and amount of their children’s television viewing, their use of viewing as a form of reward or punishment, and the degree to which they monitor secondary viewing behaviors (e.g., doing homework or eating while viewing).
3. instructive mediation: (highest level a parent can have) relates to the degree to which parents mediate between their children and contents viewed – through conversation, explanation, value judgments, processing of emotions, understanding information, application of learning, critical evaluation and the like.
Discussion with your child about the program, “Hey what did you think about when Franklin lied to his dad?”
56
Passive viewing
Not actively engaging rarely provide opportunities for young children to engage in creative imaginative play, presumed to be essential for their development.
57
PBS Act of 1967
The public broadcasting act of 1967
Differences between Commercial TV and Public TV
PBS being partially government funded and viewer support. Viewers who watch PBS also send money.
* PBS was to provide children’s educational programming.
* Teamed up with Fred Rogers and his approach to children’s TV
* PBS takes over national educational TV and enters into an agreement with Canadian TV to obtain Fred Rogers independent TV show.
58
Relational uses
refer to the role of television in patterns of relationships between family members; for example, by facilitating communication between them.
content related; the role of television in patterns of relationships between family members; for example, by facilitating communication between them.
“I wish we could have solved our problems just like that …,”
Television has infiltrated our lives without being content oriented.
59
Schema
mental structures, used by our brain to file information).
60
social emotional learning
changes the brain. In the earliest years of the brain forming children become less violent, more understanding and can critically analyze information by putting their emotions aside.
61
social learning theory
argues that children are positively reinforced for learning a repertoire of behaviors imitating the actions of role models. Media offer a rich resource for such learning, in general, and for violent behaviors, more specifically.
62
spatial intelligence
a domain of intelligence that involves the ability to mentally understand spatial relationships accurately and to imagine the implications of changes within them (e.g., the ability to visually represent walking from one place to another).
63
visual intelligence
making sense of television content (at least on a basic level) does not require learning pre-requisite skills, as do other languages, as we practice interpreting visual messages in real life constantly.
64
stages of cognitive development
typically, children were found to ask older siblings for explanations and clarifications: “What is it?” “Why is he doing it?” “What does she mean?” Other questions might relate to understanding the codes and conventions of the audio-visual language.
Sensory motor stage: 0-2 children are very into texture; TV is not doing much for your child at this time (Baby Einstein is bullshit).
The pre-operational stage, which occurs between 2-7 years of age, is characterized mainly by the acquisition of language.
concrete operational stage, around 7—12 years of age, schemas (used by our brain to file information) develop that enable the child to engage in mental transformations in interactions with the concrete world.
• Being able to process the world. Where schemas are expanded, formed and solidified.
EX. Film language is international because it’s visual (cut to black in the US means the same all over the world).
65
structural uses
of television are non-content related and have to do solely with aspects of medium use. How we work around television; flow.
When you’re using TV for something other than it’s content “I’ll make dinner as soon as this is over.”
I’ll turn the TV on so I don’t feel alone at home.
66
syndication 1st and 2nd run
1st: some shows were created to be sold
2nd: repackaged adult programs with more commercials during children's timeslots
67
Functions of TV
social utility: using TV as a means of making friendships; “hey did you watch the walking dead?”
if kids in Urban area don’t have TV it hinders their ability to make friends this way.
Para-social function: identifying with characters, being sad when a character dies (GLENN!!)
Status conferral function: the coon skin cap from Disneyland; EVERYONE had one and if you didn’t you weren’t cool. TV tells us who/what is cool (the Rachael haircut)
Agenda setting function: “I’m not going to tell you how to think, but what you should be thinking about.”
EX. What Kim Kardashian is wearing is more important according to the media.
If kids shows only concentrate on a certain topic that’s all they’re going to think about.
68
Casual vs. Correlational
creativity vs. obesity:
(when ice cream sales go up, murders go up in major metropolitan areas there’s probably a third factor = heat).
whenever this happens there has to be a high corresponding situation; can be either positive (when one thing goes up another goes up) or negative
Example: children who watch more television are obese in the US. Does that mean the act of watching TV produces obesity? No.
Not an effect but a high correlation.
Perhaps they eat a lot and sit in front of the TV for hours.
But you can also be in front of a treadmill or eat grapes.
69
Prosocial relationships
Social interaction with TV characters “I wish I had a family like that”
gradual awareness of one’s own and others’ emotions, and learning to express and control them;
70
Joan Ganz Cooney
creator of sesame street
71
Bill Cosby
Used Fat Albert for Ed.D. dissertation (a doctorate of education on the effects of fat albert). Co-creator. Was also on the electric company.
72
Morgan Freeman
the electric company
73
george gerbner
coined the term "mean world syndrome" studied violence on TV and how its effects
74
jim henson
creator of the muppets and sesame street.
75
Rita Moreno
electric company cast member, (Oscar winner at this time).
76
Jean Piaget
psychologist in child development.
77
Fred Rogers
social emotional learning. dilf.
