400 Book the complete version Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
A
To leave; to give up
To save their lives, the sailors had to abandon the sinking ship.
Parts of speechabandonment n
2
Q
Adversely adv.
A
In a harmful way; negatively
Excessive rainfall early in the spring can adversely affect the planting of crops.
Parts of speech:adversity n, adverse adj
Usage tips:Adversely is often followed by affect.
3
Q
Aggregate adj.
A
Gathered into or amounting to a whole
It is impossible to judge last year’s performance without knowing the aggregate sales numbers.
Parts of speechaggregate v, aggregate n
4
Q
Cultivation n.
A
Preparing the land to grow crops; improvement for agricultural purposes
With the development of land cultivation, hunters and gatherers were able to settle in one place.
“Parts of speech:cultivate v”
5
Q
Fertilize v.
A
To supply with nourishment for plants by adding helpful substances to the soil
Tomatoes grow well here because the farmers fertilize their soil with nitrogen.
Parts of speech:fertilizer n, fertilization n
6
Q
Intensify v.
A
To increase in power; to act with increased strength
Jacob’s long absence from Rose intensified his certainty that he should marry her.
Parts of speechintensification n, intense adj, intensity n
7
Q
Irrigation n.
A
The supplying of water to dry land
In dry areas of the country, you can see ditches all over the farmland for irrigation.
Parts of speech:irrigate v
8
Q
Obtain v.
A
To gain possession of; to get
After a series of difficult interviews, he finally was able to obtain the job.
9
Q
Photosynthesis n.
A
The process by which green plants make their own food by combining water, salts, and carbon dioxide in the presence of light
Oxygen is a by-product of the process of photosynthesis.
Parts of speech:photosynthesize v
10
Q
Precipitation n.
A
Water that falls to the Earth’s surface
In the Pacific Northwest, the high level of precipitation ensures rich, green plant life.
11
Q
Anticipate v.
A
To expect; to sense something before it happens
By placing sensors in earthquake-prone areas, scientists can anticipate some tremors in time to warn the public.
Parts of speech anticipation n, anticipatory adj
12
Q
Collide v.
A
To come together with great or violent force
As usual, their holiday was ruined when their in-laws’ views on politics collided with their own.
Parts of speech:collision n
12
Q
Catastrophic adj.
A
Extremely harmful; causing financial or physical ruin
The architect died in a catastrophic elevator accident.
Parts of speechcatastrophe n, catastrophically adv
13
Q
Eruption n.
A
A sudden, often violent, outburst
The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 caused 57 deaths and immeasurable change to the face of the mountain.
Usage tips:Eruption is often followed by an of phrase.
Parts of speech:erupt v
14
Q
Famine n.
A
Severe hunger; a drastic food shortage
The potato famine in Ireland in the mid-nineteenth century caused large numbers of Irish people to emigrate to America
15
Q
Flood n.
A
An overflowing of water; an excessive amount
The constant rain and poor drainage system caused a flood in town.
The political party sent out a flood of letters criticizing their opponents.
Parts of speechflood v
16
Q
Impact n.
A
A strong influence
The speech about the importance of education made an impact on me.
Usage tipsImpact is usually followed by on or of.
Parts of speechimpact v
17
Q
Persevere v.
A
To keep going, despite obstacles or discouragement; to maintain a purpose
The hikers persevered despite the bad weather and the icy trail.
Parts of speech :perseverance n
18
Q
Plunge v.
A
To go down suddenly; to decrease by a great amount in a short time
He jumped off the diving board and plunged into the pool.
The value of the company’s stock plunged after its chief executive was arrested.
Usage tipsPlunge is often followed by an into phrase.
Parts of speechplunge n
19
Q
Unleash v.
A
To release a thing or an emotion
When they saw the strange man on their property, they unleashed their dogs.
He is from such an unemotional family, he will never learn to unleash his feelings.
20
Q
Adapt v.
A
To adjust to the circumstances; to make suitable
Dinosaurs could not adapt to the colder temperatures.
The teacher adapted the exercises for his more advanced students.
Usage tipsAdapt is often followed by to.
Parts of speechadaptation n, adapter n, adaptable adj
21
Q
Diverse n.
A
Various; showing a lot of differences within a group
India is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world.
Usage tips An -ly adverb (e.g., linguistically) often comes before diverse.
Parts of speech diversify v, diversity n, diversification n
22
Q
Evolve v.
A
To develop; to come forth
Modern-day sharks evolved from their ancestor Eryops, which lived more than 200 million years ago.
Usage tipsEvolve is often followed by into or from.
Parts of speechevolution n, evolutionist n, evolutionary adj
23
Q
Feature n.
A
Part, characteristic
The best feature of this car is its heated seats.
Usage tips: Feature is often followed by of.
Parts of speech: feature v
24
Generation n.
A group of people born at about the same time
As older managers retired, a new generation of leaders took control of the company.
## Footnote
Usage tips Before generation, an adjective like new, next, earlier, or older is common. Generation is often followed by of.
Parts of speech generational adj
25
Inherent adj.
Naturally characteristic; always found within something, because it’s a basic part of that thing
No job can be interesting all the time. Boredom is inherent in any kind of work.
## Footnote
Usage tips Inherent is often followed by in.
Parts of speech inherently adv
26
Migration n.
Movement from one place to another by a group of people or animals
The migration of farm workers from one state to the next depends primarily on the harvest.
## Footnote
Usage tips Migration is often followed by to or from.
Parts of speech migrate v, migrant n, migratory adj
27
Physical adj.
Related to the body; related to materials that can be seen or felt
Because of the shape of its throat, an ape does not have the physical ability to speak.
The mountains form a physical barrier between the west and the east.
## Footnote
Usage tips Physical usually comes before the noun it describes.
Parts of speech physically adv
28
Process n.
A series of steps leading to a result
To get a good job, most people go through a long process of letter-writing and interviews.
## Footnote
Usage tips Process is often followed by of plus the -ing form of a verb.
Parts of speech proceed v, process v
29
Survive v.
To continue living (despite some danger or illness)
After getting lost in the mountains, Gordon survived by eating wild plants and catching fish.
## Footnote
Usage tips: Survive is often followed by a phrase with by.
Parts of speech: survivor n, survival n
30
Constraint n.
Something that restricts thought or action
The constraints of military life kept Eileen from seeing Private Morris more than once a month.
## Footnote
Parts of speech: constrain v
31
Contamination n.
Being made less clean by a germ or hazardous substance
The contamination in the river came from the factory located just upstream.
## Footnote
Parts of speech contaminate v, contaminant n
32
Deplete v.
To greatly decrease the supply of a resource or material
The prolonged war depleted the country’s national treasury.
## Footnote
Parts of speech depletion n
33
Elementally adv.
In terms of elements; basically
Elementally, coal and diamonds are the same.
## Footnote
Parts of speech element n, elemental adj
34
Emission n.
Sending out from a small space into the general environment; a substance discharged into the air
The Environmental Protection Agency regulates the emission of pollutants into the air.
## Footnote
Usage tips Emission is usually followed by an of phrase.
Parts of speech emit v
35
Extinction n.
Complete disappearance; the end of existence
Human beings have caused the extinction of many other species.
## Footnote
Usage tips Extinction implies an absolute end; an extinct species is gone and will not reappear (except if genetic scientists succeed with experimental “de-extinction” techniques).
Parts of speech extinct adj
36
Reservoir n.
A place where a liquid is collected and stored
Terrorists threatened to put poison in the town’s reservoir.
## Footnote
Parts of speech reserve v
37
Shrink v.
To become reduced in size, amount, or value
If you dry your clothes on the “high heat” setting, they may shrink.
## Footnote
Parts of speech shrinkage n, shrinkable adj
38
Stable adj.
Firm and dependable; showing little change
He fell because the ladder wasn’t stable.
## Footnote
Parts of speech stability n, stably adv, stabilize v
39
Dispose of v.
To throw away; to get rid of; to kill
She disposed of her unwanted possessions before moving.
The tyrant cruelly disposed of all his enemies.
## Footnote
Usage tips Dispose of should be learned as a unit. In this meaning, dispose does not occur without of.
Parts of speech disposal n, disposable adj
40
Adjust v.
To change; to get accustomed to something
Travelers are advised to adjust their watches before arriving in the new time zone.
## Footnote
Parts of speech adjustment n, adjustable adj
41
Arbitrary adj.
Chosen simply by whim or chance, not for any specific reason
The decision to build a school in Blackberry Township was arbitrary, without any thought to future housing patterns.
## Footnote
Parts of speech arbitrate v, arbitrator n, arbitrarily adv
42
Denominator n.
The number written below the line in a fraction
In the fraction ½, the number 2 is the denominator.
## Footnote
Usage tips The phrase lowest common denominator means “the most basic and unsophisticated things that most people share.
Parts of speech denominate v, denomination n, denominational adj
43
Exponentially adv.
At a very fast rate
In Turkey, the value of the lira has decreased exponentially in the last several decades.”
44
Infinitesimal adj.
Immeasurably small
The number of contaminants in the water was infinitesimal, so the water was safe to drink.
## Footnote
Parts of speech infinitesimally adv
45
maximize v.
To increase or make as great as possible
A coach helps each athlete maximize his or her potential.
## Footnote
Parts of speech maximum n, maximum adj
46
Parallel adj.
Being an equal distance apart everywhere
The street where I live runs parallel to the main road through town.
## Footnote
Usage tips Parallel is often followed by to.
Parts of speech parallel n, parallel adv
47
Proportion n.
A part in relation to the whole
The average employee spends a large proportion of each workday answering e-mails.
## Footnote
Usage tips Proportion is often followed by of.
Parts of speech proportionate adj, proportionally adv
48
Rate n.
The cost per unit of a good or service; the motion or change that happens in a certain time.
Postal rates in Japan are among the highest in the world.
Some grasses grow at the rate of one inch per day.
## Footnote
Parts of speech rate v, rating n
49
Sequence v.
To organize or arrange in succession
Volunteers have been asked to sequence the files and organize the boxes.
## Footnote
Parts of speech sequence n, sequentially adv
50
Treasury
a place in a castle, church, palace etc where money or valuable objects are kept
51
Adjust v.
To change; to get accustomed to something
Travelers are advised to adjust their watches before arriving in the new time zone.
## Footnote
Parts of speech adjustment n, adjustable adj
52
Arbitrary adj.
Chosen simply by whim or chance, not for any specific reason
The decision to build a school in Blackberry Township was arbitrary, without any thought to future housing patterns.
## Footnote
Parts of speech arbitrate v, arbitrator n, arbitrarily adv
53
Denominator n.
The number written below the line in a fraction
In the fraction ½, the number 2 is the denominator.
## Footnote
Usage tips The phrase lowest common denominator means “the most basic and unsophisticated things that most people share."
Parts of speech denominate v, denomination n, denominational adj
54
Exponentially adv.
At a very fast rate
In Turkey, the value of the lira has decreased exponentially in the last several decades.
## Footnote
Usage tips Exponentially is taken from mathematics, where an exponent is a number indicating how many times something is multiplied by itself. For example, 43 contains the exponent “3,” indicating 4 × 4 × 4.
Parts of speech exponent n, exponential adj
55
Infinitesimal adj.
Immeasurably small
The number of contaminants in the water was infinitesimal, so the water was safe to drink.
## Footnote
Parts of speech infinitesimally adv
56
Maximize v.
To increase or make as great as possible
A coach helps each athlete maximize his or her potential.
## Footnote
Parts of speech maximum n, maximum adj
57
Parallel adj.
Being an equal distance apart everywhere
The street where I live runs parallel to the main road through town.
## Footnote
Usage tips Parallel is often followed by to.
Parts of speech parallel n, parallel adv
58
Proportion n.
A part in relation to the whole
The average employee spends a large proportion of each workday answering e-mails.
## Footnote
Usage tips Proportion is often followed by of.
Parts of speech proportionate adj, proportionally adv”
59
Rate n.
The cost per unit of a good or service; the motion or change that happens in a certain time.
Postal rates in Japan are among the highest in the world.
Some grasses grow at the rate of one inch per day.
## Footnote
Parts of speech rate v, rating n
60
Sequence v.
To organize or arrange in succession
Volunteers have been asked to sequence the files and organize the boxes.
## Footnote
Parts of speech sequence n, sequentially adv
61
Accuracy n.
Precision; exactness
The research department checks all our articles for accuracy of facts before we print them.
## Footnote
Usage tips Accuracy is often followed by of.
Parts of speech accurate adj, accurately adv
62
Adjacent adj.
Next to
Even though the villages are adjacent to each other, their residents speak different languages.
## Footnote
Usage tips Adjacent is often followed by to.
Parts of speech adjacency n
63
Compress v.
To press together
To make the foundation stronger, they compressed the soil before pouring the concrete.
## Footnote
Parts of speech compression n, compressed adj
64
Feasibly adv.
Practically; in a way that can work
Scientists can’t feasibly bring energy from deep ocean currents to where it is needed—on land.
## Footnote
Parts of speech feasibility n, feasible adj
65
Gut v.
To empty or hollow out
In order to remodel the house, we must first gut it and throw away all the old fixtures.
## Footnote
Usage tips Gut also means “the stomach of an animal”; this verb makes an image, that the inside of a building is like the inside of an animal.
Parts of speech gut n, gutted adj
66
Integrally adv.
In a whole or complete manner
Writing and spelling are taught integrally as part of the reading program.
## Footnote
Parts of speech integrate v, integrity n, integral n, integral adj
67
Overlap v.
To lie over part of something; to have elements in common
One of the two assistants will likely get fired, since most of their duties in the office overlap.
## Footnote
Parts of speech overlap n
68
Retain v.
To keep or hold
The rain fell so heavily that the banks of the river could not retain all the water.
## Footnote
Parts of speech retainer n, retention n
69
Seep v.
To pass slowly for a long time, as a liquid or gas might
As the containers rusted, the toxic waste seeped into the ground.
## Footnote
Usage tips Seep is often followed by into or through.
70
Structure n.
Something constructed, such as a building
Most companies have a social structure that can’t be understood by outsiders.
## Footnote
Parts of speech structure v, structural adj, structurally adv
71
Circulate v.
To move throughout an area or group; to move along a somewhat circular route
The gossip circulated quickly through the small town.
Blood circulates more quickly during physical exercise.
## Footnote
Usage tips Circulate is often followed by through.
Parts of speech circulation n
72
Corrode v.
To be slowly weakened by chemical reactions
Sitting in salt water, the old coins corroded and became very easy to break.
## Footnote
Usage tips A familiar kind of corrosion produces rust, the reddish coating on iron or steel that has been exposed to air and water.
Parts of speech corrosion n, corrosive adj
73
Derive v.
To come from, usually through a long, slow process
The Cyrillic alphabet was derived from the Greek alphabet.
## Footnote
Usage tips Derive is often followed by from.
Parts of speech derivation n, derivative adj
74
Detection n.
Discovering something that cannot easily be found
With new medical technology, the detection of cancer is much easier nowadays.
## Footnote
Usage tips Detection is often followed by an of phrase.
Parts of speech detect v, detectable adj
75
Expeditiously adv.
Quickly and efficiently
Using carrier pigeons, the military commanders exchanged messages expeditiously.
Parts of speech expedite v, expedition n, expeditious adj
76
Implement v.
To make use of; to carry out
Not until after the new software was installed could we implement the new filing system.
## Footnote
Parts of speech implement n, implementation n
77
# 1.
Innovative adj.
Ahead of the times; novel
The innovative use of props and lighting at the experimental theater drew many favorable comments.
## Footnote
Parts of speech innovation n
78
Installation n.
Setting something into position for use
Installation of the new software takes only four minutes.
## Footnote
Parts of speech install v
79
Maintenance n.
The act of keeping something in good condition
The only problem with living in such a big house is that it requires a lot of maintenance.
## Footnote
Parts of speech maintain v
80
Simulation n.
An imitation or representation
To test car safety, automobile makers study crash simulations.
## Footnote
Parts of speech simulate v, simulator n
81
Combustion n.
The process of burning
When air quality is poor, combustion of materials in a fireplace is prohibited.
## Footnote
Usage tips : Combustion is often followed by of.
Parts of speech: combust v, combustible adj
82
Component n.
One part of a system or whole
Their home theater system has a number of separate components.
## Footnote
Usage tips : Component is often followed or preceded by of.
83
Convey v.
To transport from one place to another; to transmit or make known
A messenger conveyed the prince’s letter to the commander of the army.
The worst part about being a doctor was when she had to convey bad news to a family.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : conveyance n, conveyor n
84
Discretely adv.
Separately; distinctly
In order to understand how the engine worked, each component needed to be studied discretely.
## Footnote
Parts of speech :discrete adj
85
Nucleus n.
A central or essential part around which other parts are gathered; a core
The nucleus of many European cities is the town square.
## Footnote
Usage tips : Nucleus is often followed by of.
Parts of speech : nuclear adj
86
Permeate v.
To spread or flow throughout; to pass through or penetrate
The smell of cooking permeated the entire apartment building.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : permeation n, permeable adj
87
Rotate v.
To turn around; to take turns in sequence
The planet rotates on its axis once every 14 Earth days.
The children rotate classroom responsibilities on a weekly basis.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : rotation n, rotator n, rotor n
88
Solar adj.
Of, or relating to, the sun
The ancient society kept time with a solar calendar.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : source v
89
Source n.
The point of origin or creation
The reporter was unable to identify the source of the information for his story.
90
Trigger v.
To set off or initiate
I was certain any mention of politics would trigger a big argument.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : trigger n
91
Acquisition n.
The act of taking possession of something
Our recent acquisition of over 2,000 books makes ours the biggest library in the region.
## Footnote
Usage tips : Acquisition is often followed by of.
Parts of speech: acquire v, acquisitive adj
92
Anomaly n.
Something unusual
White tigers get their beautiful coloring from a genetic anomaly.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : anomabus adj
93
Consciously adv.
With awareness of one’s actions
He may have hurt her feelings, but he never would have done so consciously.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : consciousness n, conscious adj
94
Degrade v.
To reduce in value or strength
The roads in cold or wet areas of the United States degrade faster than those in warm, sunny regions.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : degradation n, degradable adj
95
Gap n.
Opening; a big difference in amount or quality
The small gap between the walls in the old house caused cold drafts to come in.
96
Indisputable adj.
Beyond doubt; unquestionable
The members of the jury found her guilty because they found the facts of the case indisputable.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : indisputably adv
97
Intervene v.
To come between
A good mediator intervenes only as much as necessary to settle a dispute between other parties.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : intervention n
98
Intuitively adv.
By means of a natural sense about things that are hard to observe
Many mothers know intuitively when something is wrong with their children.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : intuition n, intuitive adj
99
Recede v.
To move back or away from
After the age of 30, his hairline began to recede further back from his forehead.
## Footnote
Parts of speech :recession n, recessive adj
100
Retrieve v.
To bring or get back
Most dogs can be trained to retrieve objects that their owners have thrown.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : retriever n, retrievable adj
101
Agnostic adj.
Believing that humans cannot know whether there is a god
His devoutly Christian parents had problems with his agnostic beliefs.
## Footnote
Parts of speech :agnostic n, agnosticism n
102
Animism n.
The belief that natural objects, such as trees, have souls
Desert cultures that practice animism often believe that winds contain spirits.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : animistic adj, animist n
103
Atheist n.
One who does not believe in the existence of a supreme being
He argued that his scientific training made it impossible for him to be anything but an atheist.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : atheistic adj, atheism n
104
Be inclined to v.
To favor an opinion or a course of action
He couldn’t say which candidate he favored, but he had always been inclined to vote Republican.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : incline n, inclination n
105
Contemplate v.
To consider thoughtfully
If you contemplate each step for so long, we will never complete this project on time.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : contemplation n, contemplative adj
106
Deify v.
To worship as a god
When people deify the leader of their country, he or she is able to abuse power more easily.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : deity n, deification n
107
Ecclesiastical adj.
Relating to a church
He was looking specifically for a university where he could study ecclesiastical history.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : ecclesiastic n, ecclesiastically adv
108
Exalt v.
To praise or honor
He would often exalt the virtues of his new wife.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : exaltation n
109
Pious adj.
Having or exhibiting religious reverence
Sometimes she was so pious that the rest of us felt like heathens.
## Footnote
Parts of speech: piousness n, piety n, piously adv
110
Sacrifice v.
Anything offered to a deity as a religious thanksgiving; giving up something in order to have something more valuable later on
Every harvest time, the Fadeloni people sacrificed vegetables to their gods as a show of thanks.
In order to succeed in his career, he had to sacrifice his private life and his leisure time.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : sacrifice n, sacrificial adj, sacrificially adv
111
Aggravate v.
To make worse; to anger or intensify
Running will aggravate your sore knees.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : aggravation n
112
Decrepit adj.
Weakened or worn out because of age, illness, or excessive use
The once-beautiful building was now dirty, decrepit, and roofless.
113
Disease n.
An unhealthful condition caused by an infection or a longterm physical problem
Thanks to developments in medicine, many once-fatal diseases can now be cured.
114
Fatally adv.
Causing death or disaster
The soldier was fatally wounded in the battle.
## Footnote
Parts of speech: fatality n, fatal adj
115
Forensics n.
The use of science and technology to investigate facts in criminal cases
Advances in the study of forensics have made it much easier to identify criminals from very small traces of evidence.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : forensic adj
116
Persist v.
To continue to exist; to hold to a purpose, despite any obstacle
If your symptoms persist, you should go see a doctor.
Lola persisted in her efforts to become a lawyer.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : persistence n, persistent adj
117
Prognosis n.
An educated guess of how something will develop, especially a disease
The room fell silent when the doctor gave Senator Grebe a grim prognosis of months of treatment.
118
Terminal adj.
Located at an end; approaching death
The cancer ward at the hospital held both terminal and recovering patients.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : terminate v, terminally adv
119
Vein n.
Any of the tubes that form a branching system, especially those that carry blood to the heart
She became fascinated with human anatomy, especially when she learned how veins transport oxygen.
120
Wound v.
To inflict an injury on
Sometimes he didn’t realize his sharp humor could wound as well as entertain.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : wound n
121
Anesthesia n.
Techniques for reducing sensation and feeling, especially to control pain
The Civil War was the first American war when anesthesia was widely used in surgery on soldiers.
## Footnote
Usage tips : Anesthesia and anesthetic are often used interchangeably.
Parts of speech : anesthetic n, adj
122
Augment v.
To make bigger or better by adding to
In some types of popular cosmetic surgery people augment parts of their bodies.
The college augmented its course offerings because students complained that there were too few choices.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : augmentation n
123
Certifiably adv.
In a manner that is officially recognized
He couldn’t be institutionalized until he was declared certifiably insane.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : certify v, certification n, certificate n, certifiable adj
124
Complication n.
A factor that makes something more difficult or complex
The surgeons could not easily stop the bleeding because of complications related to the patient’s diabetes.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : complicate v
125
Cure v.
To restore to health
They say laughter can help cure many illnesses.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : cure n, curable adj
126
Implant v.
To set in firmly; to insert in the body surgically
The doctor implanted some tissue into the actress’s cheeks to make her face look fuller.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : implantation n, implant n
127
Inject v.
To insert a liquid by means of a syringe
The doctor used a needle to inject the medicine slowly into her arm.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : injection n
128
Obese adj.
Excessively overweight
More Americans are obese now because U.S. culture encourages overeating and discourages exercise.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : obesity n
129
Procedure n.
A specific way of performing or doing something
The flight attendant explained the emergency evacuation procedure.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : proceed v, procedural adj
130
Scar n.
A mark on the skin left after a wound has healed; a lasting sign of damage, either mental or physical.
The surgery was successful, but it left a large scar across her abdomen.
## Footnote
Parts of speech : scar v
