Chapter 4

Question 1

Tips

Answer 1

Terminal ends of an evolutionary tree; representing species, molecules, of populations being compared

Question 2

Branches

Answer 2

Lineages evolving through time between successive speciation events

Question 3

Nodes

Answer 3

Point where lineage splits (speciation event)

Question 4

Internal nodes

Answer 4

Nodes within phylogeny representing ancestral populations or species

Question 5

Clade

Answer 5

Organisms and all its descendants

Question 6

Taxonomy

Answer 6

Science of describing, naming, and classifying species based on morphology

Question 7

Monophyletic

Answer 7

Group of organisms that form a clade

Question 8

Characters

Answer 8

Heritable aspects of organisms that can be compared across taxa

Question 9

Synapomorphy

Answer 9

Shared derived character shared by all descendants

Question 10

Cladistics

Answer 10

Method that constructs trees by grouping taxa based on their shared derived traits

Question 11

Homoplasy

Answer 11

Character state similar due to convergent evolution or reversal

Question 12

Evolutionary reversal

Answer 12

Reversal from derived character state to its ancestral state

Question 13

Outgroup

Answer 13

Group outside monophyletic group under consideration

Question 14

Exaptation

Answer 14

Originates for one function later co-opts for a new function

Question 15

Phylogeny

Answer 15

Visual representation of the evolutionary history of population, genes, or species