Cardiopulmonary System and Response to Exercise

Question 1

P Wave

Answer 1

Atrial depolarization

Question 2

QRS Complex

Answer 2

Ventricular depolarization

Question 3

T Wave

Answer 3

Ventricular repolarization

Question 4

Cardiovascular Function

Answer 4

Deliver oxygen and nutrients
Remove CO2 and waste
Transport hormones
Maintenance of pH balance and clearing of kidneys
Prevention of CVD

Question 5

Anaerobic Threshold

Answer 5

Rise in CO2 disproportionate to rise in OT - can’t clear waste

Question 6

Resting Respiratory Exchange Ratio

Answer 6

VCO2/VO2
>1 = anaerobic metabolism
1.05-1.09 = max effort
Increase with exercise as CO2 production > O2 consumption

Question 7

Maximal Oxygen Consumption

Answer 7

Improves 10-30% with training

Greater gains in reconditioned individuals

Question 8

VO2 Norms

Answer 8

Stroke - 12-15
Active 20 yo - 35-40
Athlete - 90-93

Question 9

Cardiac Output

Answer 9

@ Rest - 5L/min
Exercise - 20/25L/min
Increases linearly with workload
Up to 50% max capacity due to increase in SV and HR, after 50% due to HR

Question 10

Stroke Volume

Answer 10

Most important in determining VO2 max

Higher at fixed or submax workload with training

Question 11

SV Adaptations

Answer 11

Increased wall thickness
Preload
Ability to squeeze

Question 12

Ejection Fraction

Answer 12

60-70% - healthy

Question 13

Karvonen

Answer 13

Training range % x (HR max - resting) + HR resting

Question 14

HR Response to Exercise

Answer 14

Sedentary individuals decrease resting HR 1 bpm/wk

Recovery should drop 12-18 beats within 1st minute

Question 15

Pulmonary Ventilation

Answer 15

Gas exchange from high to low pressure

Question 16

Fick’s Law

Answer 16

Amount of gas moves across tissue is proportional to area and inversely related to thickness

Question 17

Hyperventilation

Answer 17

Increased ventilation increases pH

Question 18

Ventilation

Answer 18

Matches energy metabolism during steady state by varying VO2 and VE

Question 19

Respiratory Limitations to Performance

Answer 19

Respiratory muscles use > 15% of total oxygen during exercise (more resistance to fatigue)
Pulmonary ventilation rarely limiting factor due to max exercise

Question 20

Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Answer 20

Excessive H+ impairs muscle contractility

Therefore, increases respiration allow more CO2 to be transported

Question 21

AV O2 Difference

Answer 21

Difference between arterial and venous blood oxygen content
Resting - 5 mL/O2/100mL/dL
Exercise - 15 ML/O2/100mL/dL
Increased by greater SV

Question 22

Blood Volume

Answer 22

Increase with endurance training
Increase due to increased plasma volume (correlated with SV and VO2 max)
High hematocrit (blood doping) - >48%

Question 23

Blood Flow

Answer 23

Increases with training

Increased capillarization -> increased blood volume

Question 24

Blood Pressure

Answer 24

Reflects intra-arterial pressure during systole and diastole
Systolic increases with exercise
Low at rest and submax exercise

Question 25

Mean Arterial Pressure

Answer 25

Cardiac output x Total peripheral resistance

Question 26

Nervous Control of Blood Pressure

Answer 26

Long-term - kidneys
Short-term - cardiovascular system
Cardiac and pulmonary stretch receptors

Question 27

HR with Aging

Answer 27

Resting: little change/increase
Lower max HR
Increased LV mass/wall thickness -> ventricle gets smaller
High HR during submax

Question 28

VO2 with Aging

Answer 28

Decreases (CO and SV)

Decreased BF to muscles

Question 29

Metabolic with Aging

Answer 29

Decreased insulin sensitivity (inc blood sugar), HDL and increased cholesterol
Increased peripheral vascular resistance

Question 30

Effect of Training with Aging

Answer 30

All CV can be improved but won’t be as efficient